Table 1.

Studies in animal models and in humans on the effects of vitamin D in MS

Studies in animal models	Studies in humans
Inhibition of EAE-induction in female mice [79] ↓ demyelination [80] ↓ Th1, Th17 cells, ↑ Th2, Treg cells, ↑ IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, ↓ IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17 [80]	In vitro studies: ↓ T cells proliferation, ↓ IFN-γ, IL-17, ↑ IL-10 (higher effects in ♀ than in ♂) [51] Clinical studies: ↓ relapse rate and inflammatory markers [82, 84, 85] Improvement of MRI findings [83] No improvement in MS outcomes [86–92]

EAE Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, MS Multiple sclerosis. ↓ indicates decrease, ↑ indicates increase