Table 1.
Maternal characteristics and delivery information in relation to Apgar scores at 5 min after birth
| Low Apgar score (n = 9011) |
Intermediate Agar score (n = 13,186) |
Normal Apgar score (n = 6,531,945) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age | |||
| < 20 | 421 (4.7%) | 709 (5.4%) | 193,249 (3.0%) |
| 20–24 | 1994 (22.1%) | 3057 (23.2%) | 1,448,641 (22.2%) |
| 25–29 | 3236 (35.9%) | 4129 (31.3%) | 2,728,175 (41.8%) |
| 30–34 | 1745 (19.4%) | 2649 (20.1%) | 1,364,292 (20.9%) |
| 35–39 | 831 (9.2%) | 1357 (10.3%) | 473,231 (7.2%) |
| ≥ 40 | 241 (2.7%) | 467 (3.5%) | 104,635 (1.6%) |
| Missing | 543 (6.0%) | 818 (6.2%) | 219,722 (3.4%) |
| Maternal education degree | |||
| College or above | 2318 (25.7%) | 2727 (20.7%) | 2,140,931 (32.8%) |
| High school | 2356 (26.1%) | 3371 (25.6%) | 1,741,818 (26.7%) |
| Middle school | 3409 (37.8%) | 5466 (41.5%) | 2,256,766 (34.5%) |
| Primary school or below | 761 (8.4%) | 1330 (10.1%) | 251,327 (3.8%) |
| Missing | 167 (1.9%) | 292 (2.2%) | 141,103 (2.2%) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 164 (1.8%) | 308 (2.3%) | 95,208 (1.5%) |
| Single, widowed or divorced | 8844 (98.1%) | 12,877 (97.7%) | 6,435,424 (98.5%) |
| Missing | 3 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 1313 (0.0%) |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 4838 (53.7%) | 6932 (52.6%) | 3,859,354 (59.1%) |
| 1 | 3320 (36.8%) | 4848 (36.8%) | 2,289,761 (35.1%) |
| ≥ 2 | 849 (9.4%) | 1402 (10.6%) | 380,674 (5.8%) |
| Missing | 4 (0.0%) | 4 (0.0%) | 2156 (0.0%) |
| Previous CS | |||
| 0 | 7624 (84.6%) | 11,295 (85.7%) | 5,636,817 (86.3%) |
| 1 | 1240 (13.8%) | 1709 (13.0%) | 842,258 (12.9%) |
| ≥ 2 | 137 (1.5%) | 171 (1.3%) | 48,241 (0.7%) |
| Missing | 10 (0.1%) | 11 (0.1%) | 4629 (0.1%) |
| Antenatal care | |||
| 0 | 412 (4.6%) | 518 (3.9%) | 97,681 (1.5%) |
| 1–4 | 2268 (25.2%) | 3816 (28.9%) | 946,945 (14.5%) |
| 5–7 | 2998 (33.3%) | 4744 (36.0%) | 2,158,065 (33.0%) |
| ≥ 8 | 3042 (33.8%) | 3458 (26.2%) | 3,159,318 (48.4%) |
| Missing | 291 (3.2%) | 650 (4.9%) | 169,936 (2.6%) |
| Mode of delivery | |||
| Vaginal delivery | 4913 (54.5%) | 7041 (53.4%) | 3,618,402 (55.4%) |
| Caesarean section | 4098 (45.5%) | 6144 (46.6%) | 2,913,315 (44.6%) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 228 (0.0%) |
| Fetal presentation | |||
| Non-cephalic | 1092 (12.1%) | 1776 (13.5%) | 211,988 (3.2%) |
| Cephalic | 7913 (87.8%) | 11,396 (86.4%) | 6,317,695 (96.7%) |
| Missing | 6 (0.1%) | 14 (0.1%) | 2262 (0.0%) |
| Gestational age | |||
| Preterm | 3540 (39.3%) | 6811 (51.7%) | 381,772 (5.8%) |
| Term | 5368 (59.6%) | 6178 (46.9%) | 6,089,384 (93.2%) |
| Post-term | 103 (1.1%) | 197 (1.5%) | 60,789 (0.9%) |
| Birthweight | |||
| Low birthweight | 3309 (36.7%) | 6594 (50.0%) | 282,757 (4.3%) |
| Normal birthweight | 5092 (56.5%) | 5970 (45.3%) | 5,791,738 (88.7%) |
| Macrosomia | 384 (4.3%) | 465 (3.5%) | 447,697 (6.9%) |
| Missing | 226 (2.5%) | 157 (1.2%) | 9753 (0.1%) |
| Infant sex | |||
| Female | 4043 (44.9%) | 5555 (42.1%) | 3,120,972 (47.8%) |
| Male | 4912 (54.5%) | 7590 (57.6%) | 3,405,994 (52.1%) |
| Missing | 56 (0.6%) | 41 (0.3%) | 4979 (0.1%) |
| Use of anesthesia | |||
| None | 4544 (50.4%) | 6582 (49.9%) | 3,282,751 (50.3%) |
| General anesthesia | 475 (5.3%) | 845 (6.4%) | 65,873 (1.0%) |
| Only epidural anesthesia | 1659 (18.4%) | 2543 (19.3%) | 1,305,472 (20.0%) |
| Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia | 1976 (21.9%) | 2695 (20.4%) | 1,634,865 (25.0%) |
| Missing | 357 (4.0%) | 521 (4.0%) | 242,984 (3.7%) |
| Hospital level | |||
| Level 1 | 361 (4.0%) | 468 (3.5%) | 331,618 (5.1%) |
| Level 2 | 431 (4.8%) | 697 (5.3%) | 450,919 (6.9%) |
| Level 3 | 4026 (44.7%) | 5462 (41.4%) | 3,142,398 (48.1%) |
| Unknown* | 4193 (46.5%) | 6559 (49.7%) | 2,607,010 (39.9%) |
| Maternal complications | |||
| Direct obstetric complications | 2343 (26.0%) | 4258 (32.3%) | 421,734 (6.5%) |
| Medical diseases | 538 (6.0%) | 797 (6.0%) | 407,840 (6.2%) |
| None above | 6130 (68.0%) | 8131 (61.7%) | 5,702,371 (87.3%) |
A total of 66,542 (1.01%) cases had no information on the Apgar score at 5 min
*These hospitals did not get level certification