. 2020 Dec 12;9(1):17–24. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1982

Table 2.

The mean dietary intake of energy, total carbohydrate, sugar, and dietary fiber among healthy pregnant women

Study	Term of pregnancy	No of women	Dietary assessment method	Energy intake (kJ)	Total carbohydrate g/day E%		Sugar g/day	Fiber g/day
Olafsdottir et al. (2005)	Early	436	FFQ ^a	8,651	262	51	64^h	‐
Rad et al. (2011)	Early	32	Dietary record	9,301	281	52	‐	‐
Murrin et al. (2013)	Early	1,004	FFQ ^a	10,661^b	306	50	140ⁱ	‐
Derbyshire et al. (2016)	Early	51	Dietary record	8,715^c	263	53	‐	39^m
Rifas‐Shiman et al. (2006)	Early	1,543	FFQ ^a	8,565	224	55	‐	20
Diemert et al. (2016)	Early	200	Dietary record	8,314	239	51	103^j	24
Okubo et al. (2014)	Early	906	FFQ ^a	8,820	286	57	‐	26
Blumfield, et al. (2012)	Early	141	FFQ ^a	7294^d	182	41	86^k	39
Veyhe et al. (2012)	Mid	381	FFQ ^a	8,100	219	46	28ⁱ	25
Haugen et al. 2008)	Mid	40,108	FFQ ^a	9,753^e	313	54	‐	‐
Siega‐Riz et al. (2002)	Mid	2,247	FFQ ^a	1,184^f	372	55		24
Shapiro et al. (2016)	Mid	1,079	Dietary record	8,640	251	50	15^h	18
Chong et al. (2015)	Mid	835	Dietary record	7,962	234	52	‐	‐
Knudsen et al. (2013)	Mid	68,201	FFQ ^a	9,900^g	319	56	‐	27
Scholl (2004)	Late	1,082	Dietary record	10,058	309	56	49^l	15
Sum/total mean	‐	118,246	‐	9,105 ± 605	271 ± 47	52 ± 4	NA	± 7ⁿ

^{^a}

Food Frequency Questionnaire. ^b,c,d,e,f,gCalculated cutoff limits to unrealistic reporting of energy intake were used. ^hDefined as; add sugar. ⁱDefined as; sugar. ^jDefined as; monosaccharide and saccharose. ^kDefined as; fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, and galactose. ^lDefined as; sucrose. ^mDefined as: southgate fiber and Englyst fiber. ⁿThe average of sugar intake is not calculated due to the heterogeneity in the definition of intake.