Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of different degrees of CD4+T cell level in all COVID-19 patients
| Variables | All (N=395) | CD4+T: lower group (N=195) | CD4+T: higher group (N=200) | P | Missing data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||||
| Male/female(n) | 204/191 | 115/80 | 89/111 | 0.004 | |
| Age (years) | 53.1±15.7 | 55.0±16.5 | 51.3±14.8 | 0.033 | |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.5–37.3) | 36.9 (36.6–37.6) | 36.8 (36.5–37.1) | 0.036 | 31 (7.8%) |
| Heart rate (min) | 85.0 (77.0–94.0) | 85.0 (78.0–96.0) | 84.5 (76.0–92.0) | 0.103 | 4 (1.0%) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.0 (116.0–136.0) | 126.0 (115.0–136.5) | 126.0 (117.0–136.0) | 0.577 | 6 (1.5%) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.0 (70.0–85.0) | 76.0 (70.0–85.0) | 78.0 (71.0–85.0) | 0.741 | 6 (1.5%) |
| Symptoms and signs---No, % | |||||
| Fever on admission | 263 (66.6%) | 141 (72.3%) | 122 (61.0%) | 0.017 | |
| Nasal congestion | 2 (0.5%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.243 | |
| Headache | 36 (9.1%) | 20 (10.3%) | 16 (8.0%) | 0.436 | |
| Cough | 257 (65.1%) | 138 (70.8%) | 119 (59.5%) | 0.019 | |
| Sore throat | 22 (5.6%) | 10 (5.1%) | 12 (6.0%) | 0.706 | |
| Sputum production | 102 (25.9%) | 56 (28.9%) | 46 (23.0%) | 0.184 | 1 (0.3%) |
| Fatigue | 107 (27.2%) | 59 (30.4%) | 48 (24.0%) | 0.153 | 1 (0.3%) |
| Shortness of breath | 118 (29.9%) | 75 (38.5%) | 43 (21.5%) | < 0.001 | |
| Nausea or vomiting | 36 (9.1%) | 23 (11.8%) | 13 (6.5%) | 0.068 | |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 34 (8.6%) | 20 (10.3%) | 14 (7.0%) | 0.249 | |
| Chill | 12 (3.0%) | 8 (4.1%) | 4 (2.0%) | 0.223 | |
| Throat congestion | 3 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.248 | |
| Coexisting disorders---No, % | |||||
| Diabetes | 47 (11.9%) | 22 (11.3%) | 25 (12.5%) | 0.709 | |
| Hypertension | 102 (25.8%) | 48 (24.6%) | 54 (27.0%) | 0.588 | |
| Coronary heart disease | 25 (6.4%) | 15 (7.7%) | 10 (5.1%) | 0.277 | 3 (0.8%) |
| Hepatitis B infection | 9 (2.3%) | 6 (3.1%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.334 | 3 (0.8%) |
| COPD | 6 (1.5%) | 5 (2.6%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.119 | 3 (0.8%) |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| WBC (×109/L) | 5.3 (4.2–7.0) | 5.0 (3.8–7.0) | 5.6 (4.5–7.0) | 0.008 | 2 (0.5%) |
| Hb (g/L) | 131.0 (118.5–143.0) | 132.0 (117.0–143.0) | 129.0 (120.0–142.3) | 0.809 | 2 (0.5%) |
| PLT (× 109/L) | 189.0 (145.5–252.0) | 160.0 (129.0–214.0) | 220.5 (170.0–364.0) | < 0.001 | 2 (0.5%) |
| LYM (×109/L) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | < 0.001 | 6 (1.5%) |
| LYM< 1.1×109/L | 199 (51.2%) | 163 (84.5%) | 27 (13.8%) | < 0.001 | 6 (1.5%) |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.0 (15.0–39.0) | 24.1 (15.4–38.8) | 22.0 (15.0–39.0) | 0.388 | 4 (1.0%) |
| Cr (umol/L) | 64.0 (53.0–78.0) | 66.5 (56.0–79.0) | 61.0 (50.0–77.0) | 0.005 | 5 (1.3%) |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.43 (0.24–0.99) | 0.50 (0.28–1.12) | 0.38 (0.22–0.84) | 0.023 | 14 (3.5%) |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 4.0 (3.6–4.3) | 4.1 (3.7–4.3) | 0.243 | 6 (1.5%) |
| Hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.0 (2.2–22.9) | 8.2 (5.0–48.5) | 4.9 (1.1–7.0) | < 0.001 | 45 (11.4%) |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.05 (0.03–0.08) | 0.06 (0.04–0.11) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | < 0.001 | 21 (5.3%) |
| CD4+T cell level | 410.0 (265.0–567.0) | 262.0 (188.0–325.0) | 564.0 (478.5–716.0) | < 0.001 | |
| CD8+T cell level | 246.0 (154.0–348.0) | 168.0 (107.0–250.0) | 322.0 (244.3–443.5) | < 0.001 | |
| CD4/CD8 ratio | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Abnormalities on chest CT---No, % | |||||
| Ground-glass opacity | 170 (48.7%) | 78 (46.7%) | 92 (50.5%) | 0.473 | 46 (11.6%) |
| Local patchy shadowing | 135 (38.7%) | 71 (42.5%) | 64 (35.2%) | 0.159 | 46 (11.6%) |
| Treatment---No, % | |||||
| Oxygen inhalation | 328 (84.3%) | 174 (90.2%) | 154 (78.6%) | 0.002 | 6 (1.5%) |
| Glucocorticoids | 94 (23.8%) | 64 (32.8%) | 30 (15.0%) | < 0.001 | |
| Antiviral treatment | 388 (98.2%) | 191 (97.9%) | 197 (98.5%) | 0.721 | |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 71 (18.2%) | 37 (19.2%) | 34 (17.3%) | 0.625 | 5 (1.3%) |
| Antibiotic treatment | 179 (45.3%) | 112 (57.4%) | 67 (33.5%) | < 0.001 | |
| Antifungal treatment | 4 (1.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1.000 | |
| Clinical outcome | |||||
| Death (No, %) | 27 (6.8%) | 25 (12.8%) | 2 (1.0%) | < 0.001 | |
Abbreviations: SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WBC white blood cell, Hb Hemoglobin, PLT platelet, LYM lymphocyte, ALT alanine aminotransferase, Cr creatinine, Hs-CRP hypersensitive C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin