Table 2.
Cost-of-illness per person per year in 2015 US-$ PPP.
|
Direct costs |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Study group | Total | Psychiatric contact* | Inpatient treatment** | Outpatient physician** | Drugs | Non-physician outpatient contact | Rehabilitation | Non-medical contact | Other costs | Indirect costs |
| Excess costs | |||||||||||
| Chan et al. (2003) | PTSD compared to no PTSD | 4,295 | 1,266 | 251 | 1,833 | 69 | 707 | - | 3,334 | - | 5,021a |
| O’Donnell et al. (2005) | PTSD compared to no PTSD/high physical functioning | 19,435 | 1,460 | 7,342 | 4,250 | - | 6,384 | - | - | - | - |
| PTSD compared to no PTSD/low physical functioning | 3,203 | 1,142 | −1,084 | 608 | - | 2,537 | - | - | - | - | |
| Chan et al. (2009) | PTSD compared to no PTSD | 2,579 | 1,648 | −3,933 | 1,670b | 565 | - | - | - | 507 c | - |
| Eekhout et al. (2016) | High SRIP scores compared to lower SRIP scores*** | 521 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lamoureux-Lamarche et al. (2016) | PTSS positive compared to PTSS negative | 1,414 | - | −44 | 413 | 849 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other cost comparisons | |||||||||||
| Walker et al. (2003) | Low PCL score | 2,316 | 49 | 414 | 1,903 | 225 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Moderate PCL score | 2,504 | 211 | 266 | 2,238 | 338 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| High PCL score | 4,306 | 228 | 643 | 3,663 | 466 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Suris et al. (2004) | Non-military sexual assault | 23,207 | 6,141 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Military sexual assault | 19,392 | 4,235 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Non-sexual assault | 13,200 | 2,115 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Priebe et al. (2009) | Croatia | 9,274 | - | 105 | 526 | 130 | 6 | - | - | - | 8,520d |
| Serbia | 7,110 | - | 1,342 | 359 | 198 | 6 | - | - | - | 5,212d | |
| Germany | 14,802 | - | 2,795 | 2,850 | 563 | 43 | - | - | 19e | 8,532d | |
| UK | 7,648 | - | 365 | 686 | 346 | 383 | - | - | 56e | 5,806d | |
| Priebe et al. (2010) | Belgrade | 590 | 504 | - | 139 | - | - | 6 | 68 | - | - |
| Sarajevo | 198 | 128 | 523 | 2 | - | 3 | 12 | 2 | - | - | |
| Rijeka | 575 | 289 | 111 | 170 | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | |
| Zagreb | 485 | 345 | 51 | 37 | - | 2 | 62 | 11 | - | - | |
| Ivanova et al. (2011) | Medicaid | 20,762 | 2,985 | 8,263 | 11,954 | 6,166 | - | - | - | 423 f | - |
| Medicaid/MDD | 19,918 | 1,558 | 7,369 | 11,944 | 5,917 | - | - | - | 324 f | - | |
| Private insurance | 12,134 | 1,246 | 3,971 | 6,445 | 2,682 | - | - | - | 545 f | - | |
| Private insurance/MDD | 11,098 | 853 | 3,408 | 5,587 | 2,815 | - | - | - | 416 f | - | |
| Sabes-Figuera et al. (2012) | UK | 2,337 | 199 | - | - | 383 | - | - | - | 776 g/979e | - |
| Germany | 9,591 | 2,923 | - | - | 239 | - | - | - | 1,123 g/5,305e | - | |
| Italy | 2,486 | 81 | - | - | 59 | - | - | - | 632 g/1,714e | - | |
| Serbia | 835 | 32 | - | - | 9 | - | - | - | 176 g/614e | - | |
| Croatia | 1,096 | 320 | - | - | 50 | - | - | - | 257 g/474e | - | |
| BiH | 875 | 230 | - | - | 54 | - | - | - | 158 g/429e | ||
| FYR Macedonia | 429 | 18 | - | - | 18 | - | - | - | 99 g/289e | ||
| Kosovo | 289 | 41 | - | - | 9.02 | - | - | - | 63 g/171e | ||
| Ferry et al. (2015) | Ireland | 26,991 | 4,328 | 6,715 | 5,037 | 4,631 | 5,666 | - | - | - | 3,032 h |
| Priebe et al. (2017) | Before treatment | 24,594i | 24,594 | 20,643i | 2,242i | 2,643i | - | - | - | - | - |
| After treatment | 9,828i | 9,828 | 4,694i | 2,408i | 2,725i | - | - | - | - | - | |
BiH: Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR: Former Yugoslav Republic, MDD: major depressive disorder, PCL: PTSD checklist, PPP: purchasing power parities, PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSS: posttraumatic stress syndrome, SRIP: Self Report Inventory for PTSD, UK: UK.
* A psychiatric contact is defined as any psychiatric and psychological treatment in an inpatient and outpatient setting, ** without psychiatric contacts if reported separately, *** split at the 95th percentile, a absenteeism costs, b contains non-physician outpatient contact costs, c general medical care costs, d informal care costs, e costs declared as ‘others’, f emergency room costs, g community healthcare costs, h presentism and absenteeism costs, i total costs not differentiated from psychiatric costs.