Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of randomized participants.

Characteristics	Health education program (n=46)	Choral singing intervention (n=47)
Mean (SD) age (years)	69.4 (5.3)	71 (5.7)
Women	37 (80.4)	36 (76.6)
Education level:
No formal education	4 (8.7)	10 (21.3)
Primary school and below	29 (63)	25 (53.2)
Secondary school and above	13 (28.3)	12 (25.5)
Mean (SD) education (years)	6.7 (3.7)	6.1 (4.4)
Marital status:
Single	1 (2.2)	2 (4.3)
Married	25 (54.3)	26 (55.3)
Divorced or separated	3 (6.5)	4 (8.5)
Widowed	17 (37)	15 (31.9)
Living alone	7 (15.2)	7 (14.9)
Hypertension	20 (43.5)	28 (59.6)
Diabetes mellitus	11 (23.9)	14 (29.8)
Heart diseases	2 (4.3)	1 (2.1)
Mean (SD) CCTS	0.1 (0.75)	-0.1 (0.6)
Mean (SD) SM-MMSE score	28.1 (1.8)	28.2 (1.9)
Mean (SD) GDS score	1.5 (2.2)	2.5 (3.3)