Table 1. Clinical characteristics of participants.
| Controls | T2DM_NP | T2DM_ P | ||
| (n = 29) | (n = 21) | (n = 28) | ||
| Sex | Female | 37.93% (11) | 33.33% (7) | 39.29% (11) |
| Male | 62.07% (18) | 67.78% (14) | 60.71% (17) | |
| Age (year) | 75.83±7.04 | 76.85±7.89 | 75.18±5.85 | |
| BMI | 25.06±0.63 | 25.22±0.67 | 24.89±0.76 | |
| Duration of diabetes (year) | 0 | 3.67±2.72 | 3.64±2.95*** | |
| Hypertension (%) | 41.38% (12) | 57.14% (12) | 60.71% (17) | |
| Periodontal index | ||||
| Number of teeth | 25.10±2.43 | 24.38±4.22 | 14.82±1.59***### | |
| Mean pocket depth (mm) | 2.91±0.43 | 3.01±0.40 | 6.48±0.59***### | |
| Bleeding on probing (%) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 75% (21) ***### | |
| Clinical attachment level (mm) | 2.59±0.50 | 2.76±0.44 | 4.89±0.59***### | |
| CPI | 0.31±0.47 | 0.48±0.51 | 4.00±0***### | |
| Digestive tract symptoms | ||||
| Dry mouth | 55.17% (16) | 76.19% (16) | 75% (21) | |
| GI symptoms | 34.28±3.07 | 41.95±9.90 | 41.00±9.27* | |
| Medicine and therapeutic interventions | ||||
| Insulin treatment (%) | 0% (0) | 19.05% (4) | 17.86% (5) * | |
| Hypogylcemic agents (%) | Acarbose | 0% (0) | 23.81% (5) | 21.43% (6) * |
| Pioglitazone | 0% (0) | 14.29% (3) | 11.00% (3) | |
| Metformin | 0% (0) | 9.52% (2) | 7.14% (2) | |
| Hypotensive agents (%) | CCBs | 27.59% (8) | 38.10% (8) | 50.00% (14) |
| ARBs | 13.79% (4) | 19.05% (4) | 39.29% (11) * | |
| Cholesterol-lowering drugs (%) | Statins | 13.79% (4) | 19.05% (4) | 17.86% (5) |
| Antithrombotic agents (%) | Aspirin | 6.90% (4) | 42.86% (9) | 28.57% (8) |
Abbreviations: T2DM_P: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontitis; T2DM_NP: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus alone (no periodontitis); BMI: body mass index; CPI: Community Periodontal Index; GI: gastrointestinal; CCBs: calcium channel blockers; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers.
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. Significant differences between T2DM_NP and T2DM_P groups are indicated by #P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, and ### P < 0.001. Significant differences between healthy volunteers and both groups of patients with T2DM are indicated by *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.