Fig. 1.

Cross-sectional results of hyperglycemic clamp studies: (A) first phase insulin secretion (analysis of covariance [ANCOVA] P=0.02); (B) steady state insulin secretion (ANCOVA P<0.001); (C) insulin sensitivity (ANCOVA P<0.004) by pubertal development. All means were adjusted for fat percentage, method of body composition assessment, sex, and race. Roman numerals in group description refer to pubertal development. Girls with Tanner breast stage 1 and boys with testes ≤3 mL were considered pre-pubertal and classified as pubertal group I. Girls with Tanner breast stage 2 and boys with testes >3 to <10 mL were considered to be in early puberty and classified as pubertal group II. Girls with Tanner breast stage 3 and boys with testes ≥10 to <15 mL were considered to be in mid-puberty and classified as pubertal group III. Girls with Tanner breast stage 4 and boys with testes ≥15 to <25 mL were considered to be in late puberty and classified as pubertal group IV. Girls with Tanner breast stage 5 and boys with testes ≥25 mL were considered end-pubertal and classified as pubertal group V. Adult participants (age >18 years) had all achieved pubertal group IV or V when last examined. ^a,b,cGroups with different superscripted letters are significantly different in post hoc tests (P<0.05).