Table 1.
Characteristics of the Cross-Sectional Cohort, Not Adjusted for Any Covariates
| Characteristic | Pre-pubertal, Group I (n=25) | Early-pubertal, Group II (n=24) | Mid-pubertal, Group III (n=18) | Late-pubertal, Group IV (n=21) | Fully-pubertal, adolescents Group V (n=22) | Fully-pubertal, adults (IV or V) (n=23) | ANOVA P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 8.6±1.5a | 10.6±1.6b | 12.2±1.7c | 14.0±1.4d | 17.3±4.6e | 22.3±1.7f | <0.001 |
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| Race | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White, % | 48.0 | 50.0 | 61.1 | 71.4 | 68.2 | 56.5 | 0.701 |
| Non-Hispanic Black, % | 52.0 | 50.0 | 38.9 | 28.6 | 31.8 | 43.5 | |
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| Male sex, % | 56.0 | 45.8 | 33.3 | 57.1 | 50.0 | 52.2 | 0.540 |
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| Baseline body fat, % | 35.9±13.1 | 36.1±14.7 | 37.5±12.0 | 29.8±11.3 | 34.1±11.2 | 34.9±12.2 | 0.468 |
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| BMI SD score | 1.7±1.0 | 1.3±1.2 | 1.7±0.9 | 1.4±1.0 | 1.5±1.0 | 1.3±0.9 | 0.529 |
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| Testosterone (in male), ng/dL | 16.8±11.0a | 32.9±40.7a | 183.2±136.4b | 292.3±113.1b,c | 404.4±262.2c,d | 408.3±116.8d | <0.001 |
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| Estradiol (in female), pg/mL | 9.0±4.0a | 22.1±44.0a | 34.3±21.9a,b | 60.2±28.6b,c | 60.1±28.1c | 86.2±50.7c | <0.001 |
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| First-phase insulin secretion, μU/mL/15 min | 111.4±120.3 | 109.4±95.6 | 96.7±71.8 | 99.3±106.1 | 101.9±65.2 | 109±120.7 | 0.995 |
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| Steady-state insulin secretion, μU/mL/60 min | 139.9±144 | 141.4±98.8 | 140.8±74.7 | 155.6±142.7 | 155.9±60.5 | 139.9±135.6 | 0.993 |
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| Insulin-sensitivity, mg/kg/min/μU/mL | 15.7±19.9a | 11.2±8.6a,b | 6.3±5.6b | 10.8±8.3a,b | 5.7±5.1b | 9.2±6.6b | 0.027 |
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Girls with Tanner breast stage 1 and boys with testes ≤3 mL were considered pre-pubertal and classified as pubertal group I. Girls with Tanner breast stage 2 and boys with testes >3 to <10 mL were considered to be in early puberty and classified as pubertal group II. Girls with Tanner breast stage 3 and boys with testes ≥10 to <15 mL were considered to be in mid-puberty and classified as pubertal group III. Girls with Tanner breast stage 4 and boys with testes ≥15 to <25 mL were considered to be in late puberty and classified as pubertal group IV. Girls with Tanner breast stage 5 and boys with testes ≥25 mL were considered end-pubertal and classified as pubertal group V. Adult participants (age >18 years) had all achieved pubertal group IV or V when last examined.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.
Values followed by different superscripted letters on the same line are considered significantly different (P≤0.05).