Table 2.
Summary of electrophysiological studies with adolescents and young adults BDs.
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Affan et al., 2018 Cross-sectional USA |
N/LDs: 31 (16♂, 15♀)BDs: 30 (15♂, 15♀) |
N/LDs: 23.3 ± 3.4 BDs: 23.4 ± 3.5 |
N/LDs: ≤ 1 BD episode in the previous 6 monthsBDs: ≥ 5 BD episodes [≥ 6 (♂)/5(♀) SADs/2h] in the previous 6 months |
Illicit drug or tobacco use at least one month prior to the study; History of brain injury, or other neuropsychiatric or medical problems; and Medications use at the time of the study | Resting state with eyes-open and eyes-closed | BDs: Alpha peak frequency was slower by 0.7 Hz; ↑ frontal theta and beta powerNegative correlation between alpha peak frequency and drinking variables (e.g. n° of drinking days/week, n° of BD episodes in the previous 6 months) Positive correlation between theta power and drinking history during both resting conditions |
BD among young adults is associated with augmented spontaneous electrophysiological signal |
|
Bauer and Ceballos, 2014 Cross-sectional USA |
Infrequent BDs: 55 ♀ (30 never and 25 less than monthly). Frequent BDs: 42 ♀ (28 monthly and 14 weekly). |
Infrequent BDs: 19.5 ± 1.3 Frequent BDs: 19.4 ± 1.1 |
Infrequent BDs: infrequent episodes with ≥ 6 drinks/occasion at least once a month Frequent BDs: frequent episodes with ≥ 6 drinks/occasion at least once a week |
Past year pregnancy; Psychosis; or Medical major disorders | Motor time estimation task | Frequent BD: ↑ Slow Potentials amplitude (more negative) in the right parietal cortex than infrequent BDs No group differences in Motor Potentials Negative correlation between Slow Potentials amplitude and AUDIT score |
Augmented neural activity in BDs may reflect a compensatory over- activation of the circuit to perform the task at successful level |
|
Blanco-Ramos et al., 2019 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 80 (28♂, 43♀)BDs: 71 (42♂, 38♀) |
18–19 | N/LDs: < 6 BD episodes over the last 6 months and cannabis consumption < 12 units over the last 3 months BDs: ≥ 6 BD episodes over the last 6 months and cannabis consumption < 12 units over the last 3 months |
Chronic neurocognitive pathologies; History of neurological disorder or brain injury with LoC > 20 min; SCL-90-R > 90th percentile on GSI or ≥ 90 in 2 symptom dimensions; Family and/or personal history of psychopathology/alcoholism; Regular use of psychoactive drugs; Illegal drugs use (except cannabis) in the last 6 months; Non-corrected sensory/motor deficits | Go/NoGo task with alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimuli | BDs: ↑ N2-NoGo for non-alcoholic than for alcoholic stimuli; Similar P3-NoGo amplitude for non-alcoholic and for alcoholic stimuli (only in males) Negative correlation between: - N2-NoGo for non-alcoholic and the n° of BD episodes and total n° of alcoholic drinks in the last 180 days -P1 for Go-Alcohol and NoGo-NoAlcohol and age of onset drinking - n° of BD episodes and reaction time of false alarms Positive correlation between N2-NoGo for NoAlcohol and reaction time for false alarms |
BDs seem to need increased activation to monitor conflict with the aim of compensate the affective-automatic system overactivation caused by alcohol-related bias |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Courtney and Polich, 2010 Cross-sectional USA |
N/LDs: 32 (16♂, 16♀)LBDs: 32 (16♂, 16♀)HBDs: 32 (16♂, 16♀) |
N/LDs: ♂ 21.8 ± 0.8 ♀ 21.4 ± 1.3 LBDs: ♂ 20.5 ± 1.0 ♀ 20.4 ± 1.1 HBDs: ♂ 20.8 ± 2.0 ♀ 19.9 ± 1.1 |
N/LDs: 1–4 (♀)/5(♂) alcoholic drinks/<2h in the past 6 months LBDs: 5–4(♀)/7–6 (♂) alcoholic drinks/<2h at least once in the last 6 months HBDs: ≥ 10 alcoholic drinks/< 2h at least once in the last 6 months |
Not use of alcohol, tobacco and psychiatric medication; Serious health problems (e.g. asthma, heart condition, etc.); Family and/or personal history of alcoholism; Neurologic/Psychiatric disorders; and Recent drug use | Resting state with eyes open | HBDs: ↑ spectral power in the delta (0–4 Hz) and fast beta (20–35 Hz) bands in comparison with N/LDs and LBDs | BDs exhibit augmented brain activity at rest similarly to alcohol-dependent individuals |
|
Crego et al., 2009 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 53 (27♂, 26♀)BDs: 42 (21♂, 21♀) |
N/LDs: 18.7 ± 0.5 BDs: 18.9 ± 0.5 |
N/LDs: < 6 SADs/occasion and ≤ 2 SADs/hour BDs: ≥ 6 SADs/occasion at least once a month, ≥ 3 SADs/hour at least once a month |
AUDIT > 20; Non-corrected sensory deficits; LoC > 20 min; History of traumatic brain injury or neurological disorder; Family and/or personal history of psychopathology; Drug use (except tobacco and cannabis); Alcohol use disorder; SCL-90-R > 90 on GSI or ≥ 2 symptom dimensions | Visual identical-pairs continuous performance task |
BDs: ↑ N2 amplitude in central and parietal regions for the matching stimuli than N/LDs Cs: ↑ P3 amplitude in frontal, central and parietal regions for the matching than for the nonmatching stimuli (but not in BDs) No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs require higher levels of attentional effort to perform the task at adequate levels. Also, they seem to have a deficiency in the electrophysiological differentiation between relevant and irrelevant information |
|
Crego et al., 2010 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 53 (27♂, 26♀)BDs: 42 (21♂, 21♀) |
N/LDs: 18.7 ± 0.5 BDs: 18.9 ± 0.5 |
(Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | BDs: ↓ LPC amplitude in frontal and central regions for matching condition than N/LDs, which was associated with hypoactivation of the right anterior prefrontal cortex No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs display decreased electrophysiological activity during recognition and evaluation of the working memory processes |
|
Crego et al., 2012 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 53 (28♂, 25♀)BDs: 32 (17♂, 15♀) |
N/LDs: 18.5 ± 0.5 BDs: 18.8 ± 0.6 |
(Same as above) | Same asCrego et al. (2009) and Left-handedness | Simple visual oddball task | BDs: ↑P3b amplitude in all regions (frontal, central and parietal) than N/LDs No significant differences in N2 No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs seem to recruit broader brain areas linked to attentional processes to properly execute the task, which support the neurocompensation hypothesis |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Folgueira-Ares et al., 2017 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 25 (13♂, 12♀)BDs: 25 (14♂, 11♀) |
N/LDs: 20.5 ± 0.6 BDs: 20.8 ± 0.7 |
(Same as above) | Non-corrected sensory deficits; LoC> 20 min; History of traumatic brain injury or neurological disorder; Family and/or personal history of psychopathology; Use of illegal drugs (except cannabis); and AUDIT > 20 | Visual face–name association memory task | BDs: Similar neural activity for successful and unsuccessful encoding (no Dm effect); ↑ VPP amplitude at C3 and Cz electrodes than N/LDs Cs: Dm effect in posterior regions in the 350–650 ms latency range No significant differences in N170 No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs display abnormal pattern of brain activity during the encoding phase, suggesting a different neural signature of successful memory encoding |
|
Holcomb et al., 2019 CS USA |
LDs: 32 (16♂, 16♀)BDs: 29 (14♂, 15♀) |
LDs: 23.41 ± 3.4 BDs: 23.41 ± 3.5 |
LDs: < 1 BD episode in the past six months BDs: ≥ 3 BD episodes in the past 6 months with at least one episode in the last month |
Same asAffan et al. (2018) | Visual Go/NoGo task | BDs: ↓ theta (4-7Hz) and early beta (15-25Hz) power during NoGo trials than LDs Negative correlation between NoGo theta power and n° BD episodes, daily alcohol intake, and the average n° of weekly drinking days No behavioral differences between groups |
The results are consistent with deficits in the inhibitory control circuitry and are suggestive of allostatic neuroadaptive changes associated with BD |
|
Huang et al., 2018 CS USA |
LDs: 32 (16♂, 16♀)BDs: 32 (16♂, 16♀)- LBDs: 17 (9♂)- HBDs: 15 (7♂) |
LDs: 23.4 ± 3.4 BDs: 23.2 ± 3.3 |
LDs: 1 BD episode in the last 6 months. BDs: ≥ 5 BD episodes in the last 6 months. - LBDs: ≤ 10 BD episodes over the previous 6 months. - HBDs: ≥ 12 BD episodes over the previous 6 months |
Drug or tobacco use for at least 1 month prior to the study; History of seizures, brain injury, neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders; Vision or hearing problems; learning difficulties; and Medications use at the time of the study | Emotional rating task | LDs: theta poweremotional > theta powerneutral (no differences in BDs) BDs: ↑ theta during erotic pictures compared to the other emotions HBDs: ↓ emotional modulation of theta and ↓ theta power to negative and positive photos in contrast with LDs Negative correlation between emotion-induced theta and n° of BD occasions within the past 6 months |
BDs show diminished sensitivity of event-related theta to emotional salience, namely for negative and positive emotions |
|
Kiat and Cheadle, 2018 CS USA |
26 (6♂, 20♀) − 13: no BD episodes (past 30 days) − 13: 1–2 BD episodes (9 subjects) or 3–5 BD episodes (4 subjects) |
20.0 ± 1.7 | BD: > 5 alcoholic drinks in a row within a few hours | Not reported | Crocodile dentist (aversive risk-taking task) | ↑ Late Positive Potential amplitude was associated with higher risk levels of BD | BD frequency seems to be linked to increased levels of anticipatory risk-taking reactivity |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kim and Kim, 2019 CS Asia |
NBDs: 25♀ BDs: 25♀ |
NBDs: 21.7±2.4 BDs: 21.4±1.9 |
NBDs: AUDIT-K≤ 8, < 4 glasses in the last 2 weeks, and drank < 1 glass/hour. BDs: AUDIT-K= 12–26; ≥ 4 glasses more than once in the previous 2 weeks; and drank >2 glasses/hour |
Left-handedness, Ambidexterity and History of psychiatric disorders | Flanker task (modified) | BDs: ↓ ERN amplitude than NBDs No differences in Pe amplitude or latency Positive correlation between ERN amplitude and total AUDIT-K and Alcohol Use Questionnaire scores Behavioral: BDs: ↑ error rates and ↓ reaction times in congruent and incongruent conditions than NBDs |
BD seem to be associated with an impaired capacity to automatically monitor errors, reflected by decreased neural activity |
|
Lannoy et al., 2017 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 20 (7♂, 13♀)BDs: 20 (8♂, 12♀) |
N/LDs: 21.2 ± 2.6 BDs: 20.3 ± 1.6 |
BD score formula: [(4*consumption speed) + drunkenness frequency + (0.2*drunkenness)] N/LDs: BD score ≤ 16 BDs: BD score > 16 |
Family and/or personal history of alcoholism; Positive psychological or neurological disorder; Current medication; Major medical problems; Past/current drug consumption (excepting alcohol and tobacco) | Visual speeded Go/NoGo task Balloon Analogue Risk task |
BDs: ↑ ERN amplitude for false alarms than slow hits at Fz (not in N/LDs); ↑ Pe latency for slow hits at Cz during the Go/NoGo task No differences in FRN and P3 No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs seem to have an impaired performance monitoring, showing an abnormal automatic processing of response errors and a decreased processing of their motivational significance |
|
Lannoy et al., 2018 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 19 (11♂, 8♀)MDs: 17 (9♂, 8♀)BDs: 17 (10♂, 7♀) |
N/LDs: 20.4 ± 2.8 MDs: 21.0 ± 2.7 BDs: 20.2 ± 1.6 |
N/LDs: BD score = 0, no consumption; MDs: BD score = 1–12; ≤3 doses/occasion; consumption speed 0.33–2; ≤3 drinking occasions/week. BDs: BD score ≥ 16; ≥ 6 doses/occasion; consumption speed ≥2; 2–4 drinking occasions/week |
Same asLannoy et al. (2017) and Non-corrected visual and auditory problems | Emotional crossmodal task | N/LDs: N1 latencyhappiness > N1 latencyanger (no differences in BDs) BDs: Congruent trialsSP3b amplitude for happy than anger faces (no differences in N/LDs and MDs) ; ↑P3b latency than MDs and N/LDs Incongruent trials ↑P3b amplitude than MDs; ↑ second positive component latency when anger voices were presented than MDs; ↑ third positive component amplitude when anger faces were presented than MDs |
BDs present higher electrophysiological activity in the absence of behavioral deficits, which could be associated with a potential compensation process |
|
Lannoy et al., 2020 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 25 (13♂, 12♀)BDS: 25 (10♂, 15♀) |
N/LDs: 21.7 ± 1.8 BDs: 20.9 ± 1.7 |
N/LDs: BD score < 12; ≤ 4 drinking occasions/week; < 3 doses/occasion BDs: BD score ≥ 16; 2–4 drinking occasions/week; ≥ 6 doses/occasion |
Severe alcohol use disorders; Family history of alcohol‐use disorders; Psychological and neurological disorders; Past and current drug consumption (except alcohol and tobacco). | Go/NoGo task with alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimuli | BDs: ↓ NoGo-N2 amplitude for alcohol‐related at F3 than F4 electrode. Behavioral: BDs: ↓ inhibition performance for explicit than implicit processing when compared to N/LDs |
BD may be associated with impaired attentional/inhibitory processes in the presence of alcohol cues |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
López-Caneda et al., 2012 Longitudinal Europe |
N/LDs: 25 (11♂, 14♀)BDs: 23 (13♂, 10♀) |
1st evaluation N/LDs: 18.6 ± 0.5 BDs: 18.8 ± 0.5 2nd evaluation (2-year follow-up) N/LDs: 20.3 ± 0.5 BDs: 20.7 ± 0.6 |
N/LDs: < 6 SADs/occasion and ≤ 2 SADs/hour. BD: ≥ 6 SADs/occasion at least once a week or ≥ 6 SADs/occasion, ≥ 3 SADs/hour at least once a month |
Family history of alcoholism; Family and/or personal history of psychopathology; drugs use (except cannabis); LoC> 20 min; history of traumatic brain injury or neurological disorder; non-corrected sensory deficits; and AUDIT> 20 | Visual Go/NoGo Task | BDs: ↑Go-P3 amplitude in central and parietal regions in the 1st and 2nd evaluations ↑No/Go-P3 amplitude in all regions (frontal, central and parietal) in the 2nd evaluation, associated with hyperactivation of the right inferior frontal cortex during successful inhibition No significant differences in N2 No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs show increased neural activity in inhibitory control regions during response inhibition, which could reflect a compensatory mechanism to perform the task efficiently |
|
López-Caneda et al., 2013 Longitudinal Europe |
N/LDs: 31 (15♂, 16♀)BDs: 26 (15♂, 11♀) |
1st evaluation N/LDs: 18.5±0.5 BDs: 18.8±0.5 2ndevaluation (2-year follow-up) N/LDs: 20.4±0.6 BDs: 20.8±0.6 |
(Same as above) | (Same as above) | Simple visual oddball task | BDs: ↑P3 amplitude at both evaluation times than N/LDs, with more pronounced differences in the follow-up evaluation Positive correlation between P3b amplitude and quantity and intensity of alcohol consumption No behavioral differences between groups |
The increased neural activity linked to attentional/working memory processes, suggesting the recruitment of additional resources to perform the task at adequate levels |
|
López-Caneda et al., 2014b Longitudinal Europe |
N/LDs: 25 (11♂, 14♀)BDs: 22 (11♂, 11♀)Ex-BDs: 10 (3♂, 7♀) |
1st evaluation 18–19 2ndevaluation (2-year follow-up) 20–21 |
(Same as above) Ex-BDs: BD criteria in the 1st but not in the 2nd evaluation |
(Same as above) | Visual Go/NoGo Task | BDs: ↑NoGo-P3 amplitudes in the 2nd evaluation than N/LDs; ↑Go-P3 amplitudes than N/LDs; Ex-BDs: intermediate position between BDs and N/LDs Frontal NoGo-P3 amplitude in the 2nd evaluation: - correlated negatively with the age of onset of regular drinking - correlated positively with speed of alcohol consumption and weekly quantity of alcohol consumed |
BD lead to impairments in the neural functioning involved in inhibitory control, and the cessation of BD could act as a brake on the neurophysiological impairments related to response inhibition |
|
López-Caneda et al., 2017a Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 40 (21♂, 19♀)BDs: 40 (20♂, 20♀) |
N/LDs: 18.1 ± 0.3 BDs: 18.1 ± 0.3 |
Cs: never BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL BDs: BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL at least once during the last month |
(Same as above) Use of medical drugs with psychoactive effects |
Resting-state with eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions | BDs: ↑ beta power over the right temporal lobe (parahippocampal and fusiform gyri) during eyes-open resting state ↑ theta power over the bilateral occipital cortex (cuneus and lingual gyrus) during eyes-closed resting condition |
BDs seem to present cortical hyperexcitability and potential difficulties in the information processing capacity |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
López-Caneda et al., 2017b Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 36 (17♂, 19♀) - Abstainers: 20 (12♂, 8♀)BDs: 36 (20♂, 16♀) |
N/LDs: 18.1 ± 0.3 BDs: 18.1 ± 0.3 |
N/LDs: never reached a BAC of 0.08 g/dL. BDs: BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dL at least once during the last month |
Same asLópez-Caneda et al. (2012) and use of psychoactive medical drugs during the week before the assessment | Visual equiprobable Go/NoGo Task | BDs: ↓ beta and theta during Go and NoGo conditions than N/LDs. No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs appear to show decreased neural oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution similar to those observed in alcohol-dependent subjects |
|
Maurage et al., 2009 Longitudinal Europe |
N/LDs: 18 (7♂, 11♀)BDs: 18 (7♂, 11♀) |
N/LDs: 18.2 ± 0.3 BDs: 18.2 ± 0.4 |
N/LDs: expected alcohol use 9 months after the 1st evaluation < 3 SADs/week. BDs: expected alcohol consumption 9 months after the 1st evaluation > 20 SADs/week |
Family history of alcoholism; High past alcohol consumption or BD habits; Past or current drug use; Major medical problems; CNS disease; Auditory impairment; Moderate/high depression/anxiety; and Personal history of psychopathology | Auditory task based on emotionalvalence detection (negative or positive) |
BDs: ↑ P1, N2 and P3b latency No differences in amplitude Positive correlation between mean alcohol intake and latency of each component No behavioral differences between groups |
Short-term BD can produce marked cerebral dysfunction undetectable by behavioral measures alone. Specifically, BD seems to be associated with a slowed cerebral activity |
|
Maurage et al., 2012 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 20 (11♂, 9♀)DDs: 20 (11♂, 9♀)LBDs: 20 (11♂, 9♀)HBDs: 20 (11♂, 9♀) |
N/LDs: 21.6 ± 2.4 DDs:22.1 ± 2.2 LBDs: 21.0 ± 2.2 HBDs: 21.2 ± 2.0 |
N/LDs: non-drinkersDDs: 3–5 SADs/occasion, < 2 SADs/h, 5–7 times/week and 15–29 SADs/week LBDs: 5–12 SADs/occasion, > 3 SADs/h, 2–3 times/week and 15–29 SADs/week HBDs: > 10 SADs/occasion, > 3 SADs/h, 3–4 times/week and > 30 SADs/week |
(Same as above) | Visual oddball task with face-detection | LBDs and HBDs: ↑P3b latency and ↓N1, P1, N2b amplitude than the other 3 groups; ↓P3b amplitude than N/LDs and DDs HBDs: ↑ N1, P1, N2b, P3a latency and ↓N170, P2 amplitude than the other 3 groups; ↑ P3b latency than DDs LBDs: ↓N170 amplitude than N/LDs; ↓P2 amplitude than N/LDs and DDs DDs: No significant differences with N/LDs |
BDs present early and global electrophysiological impairments (characterized by reduced and slower activity), affecting low-level (perception and attention) as well as high-level (decision) cognitive stages |
|
Na et al., 2019 Cross-sectional Asia |
N/LDs: 23♀ BDs: 27♀ |
N/LDs: 22.0 ± 2.0 BDs: 21.4 ± 2.0 |
(Same asKim and Kim, 2019) | AUDIT-K score > 26; No psychiatric disorder; Score ≥ 6 on the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (family history of alcohol use disorder); Left-handed and ambidextrous | Iowa Gambling Task (modified) | BDs: ↓ ΔFRN than N/LDs; No differences in P3 amplitude Behavioral: BDs: ↓ total net score than the N/LDs |
Female BDs seem to have difficulties in early evaluation of positive or negative feedback which seem to be associated with decision-making deficits |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Park and Kim, 2018 Cross-sectional Asia |
N/LDs: 25 (8♂, 17♀)BDs: 25 (8♂, 17♀) |
N/LDs: 22.2± 2.4 BDs: 22.1±2.2 |
N/LDs: same as above BDs: AUDIT-K = 12–26; > 4(♀)/5(♂) glasses at least one time during the previous 2 weeks; > 2(♀)/3(♂) glasses/hour |
CAST-K score > 6; Drug/alcohol abuse; Left-handed and ambidextrous; and History of neurological/psychiatric disorders | Spatial 2-back task with congruent, incongruent, and lure conditions | BDs: ↑P3 amplitude than N/LDs. NBDs: ↑P3 amplitude for congruent stimuli compared to the incongruent and lure stimuli (no differences in BDs) No group significant differences in N2. |
BDs show increased cognitive effort to perform the task effectively. Additionally, they were less efficient in differentiating between relevant and irrelevant information |
|
Petit et al., 2012 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 18 (8♂, 10♀)BDs: 18 (12♂, 6♀) |
N/LDs: 21.9±3.1 BDs: 21.3±1.7 |
N/LDs: <6 SADs/occasion and < 3 SADs/hour. BDs: ≥6 SADs/occasion, ≥ 3 SADs/h and ≥ 1–4 times/week |
Major medical problems; History of CNS disease; Visual impairment, Past or current drug use; Family history of alcoholism; Very low alcohol consumption; BD habits before starting university studies | Visual oddball task with neutral stimuli and alcoholic and non-alcoholic pictures as target deviant stimuli. | BDs: ↑P1 amplitude for alcoholic pictures than for the non-alcoholic pictures Positive correlation between P1 amplitudes for alcoholic pictures and duration of BD habits, and n° of doses consumed/week No group significant differences in N2b and P3 No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs exhibit signs of prioritizing processing of alcohol-related information |
|
Petit et al., 2013 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 27 (10♂, 17♀)BDs: 29 (15♂, 14♀) |
N/LDs: ♂ 22.1 ± 2.5 ♀ 20.5 ± 1.2 BDs: ♂ 22.5 ± 3.7 ♀ 21.9 ± 2.3 |
(Same as above) | Major medical problems; CNS conditions; Visual impairment; Past or current drug consumption (except alcohol, cannabis and tobacco); and Alcohol abstinence | (Same as above) | BDs: ↑P3 amplitude for alcoholic pictures than for the non-alcoholic pictures (only in males) No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs seem to present an enhanced motivational response to alcoholic stimuli |
|
Petit et al., 2014b Longitudinal Europe |
Cs: 15 (4♂, 11♀)BDs: 15 (11♂, 4♀) |
1st evaluation N/LDs: 22.0±2.13 BDs: 22.0±1.72 2nd evaluation (1-year follow-up) N/LDs: 23.0±2.2 BDs: 23.0±1.6 |
(Same as above) | (Same as above) | (Same as above) | BDs: ↓ P1 amplitude for both types of stimuli in the 2nd than in the 1st evaluation ↓ P3 amplitude for non-alcoholic cues in the 2nd than in the 1st evaluation No behavioral differences between groups |
The continuation of BD over one year is associated with the development of brain functional abnormalities as well as ↑ reactivity to alcoholic stimuli and/or ↓ reactivity to non-alcoholic stimuli |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Ryerson et al., 2017 Cross-sectional USA |
62 − 41: 1–8 BD episodes − 21: no BD episodes in the last month |
18.9 ± 1.1 | BDs: ≥ 5 SADs/occasion (males); ≥ 4 SADs/occasion (females) | Not reported | Alcoholic and neutral pictures following a global or local attentional scope manipulation | BD correlated positively with N1 amplitude to alcoholic pictures, but not to neutral pictures | Individuals with greater BD experience demonstrate increased neural response to alcoholic pictures, but not neutral pictures |
|
Schroder et al, 2019 Cross-sectional Europe |
N/LDs: 24 (11♂, 13♀)BDs: 25 (13♂, 12♀) |
N/LDs: 26.8 ± 9.3 BDs: 24.0 ± 2.4 |
N/LDs: drank 1–30 days/month, but never > 5 SADs/occasion and ≤ 2 SADs/h BDs: ≥ 6 SADs occasion and ≥ 2 SADs/h |
Major medical issues, CNS conditions (e.g. epilepsy and a prior history of brain injury); Visual impairments; and Past/current drug consumption | N-back task with numbers | BDs: ↑ P3 and P600 amplitude than N/LDs N/LDs: ↑ P2 and N4 amplitude than BDs No behavioral differences between groups |
BDs require higher processing intensity throughout the information-processing stream to perform the task at the same level as controls. |
|
Smith and Mattick, 2013 Cross-sectional Australia |
N/LDs: 17 ♀ BDs: 13 ♀ |
N/LDs: 20.1 ± 1.2 BDs: 20.0 ± 1.2 |
N/LDs: no regular (less than once a month) consumption of ≥ 4 SADs/occasion BDs: ≥ 4 SADs/occasion at least once a month |
Epileptic seizure, serious head injury or LoC; Uncorrected hearing/vision problems; and Regular (≥ 2/month) use of other drugs | Stop signal task | BDs: ↓P3 amplitude for failed inhibitions than N/LDs; ↑P3 amplitude in FCz for successful than failed inhibition trials; ↓ERN amplitude in Fz than N/LDs; Positive correlation between P3 amplitude at FCz with AUDIT scores Behavioral: BDs: ↑Stop signal reaction time than N/LDs |
Young female BDs have large deficits in inhibitory control and performance monitoring, and they may have to work harder in order to successfully inhibit a response |
|
Smith et al., 2015 Cross-sectional Australia |
N/LDs: 35 (18♂, 17♀)BDs: 31 (16♂, 15♀) |
N/LDs: ♂ 22.1 ± 2.4 ♀ 21.4 ± 2 BDs: ♂ 23.0 ± 2.2 ♀ 21.0 ± 2.3 |
N/LDs: ≥ 5 SADs/occasion less than once a month BDs: ≥ 5 SADs/occasion at least once a month |
Psychotropic medication; Epileptic seizure, head injury or LoC; Uncorrected vision problems; and Regular (>1/month) use of drugs (except for alcohol or tobacco) | Eriksen flanker task (Visual conflict monitoring task) |
BDs: ↑conflict adaptation for N2 amplitude than N/LDs (females); ↓ N2 amplitude and no differences in the conflict adaptation effect than N/LDs (males); No differences in P3 (indexing inhibitory control) Behavioral: BDs: ↑errors than N/LDs |
Results are suggestive of a compensatory response in female BDs, as they seem to need to increase their ongoing performance monitoring to properly execute the task |
| Study & Design | Population (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | BD criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Task | Main findings | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Smith et al., 2016 Cross-sectional Australia |
N/LDs: 37 (20♂, 17♀)BDs: 34 (21♂, 13♀) |
N/LDs: ♂ 20.1 ± 1.1 ♀ 20.1 ± 1.2 BDs: ♂ 19.8 ± 1.2 ♀ 20.0 ± 1.2 |
N/LDs: no regular (less than once a month) consumption of ≥ 4 SADs/occasion BDs: ≥ 4 SADs/occasion at least once a month preceding 12 months |
(Same asSmith and Mattick, 2013) | Visual stop-signal task | BDs: ↑P3 amplitude for successful than failed inhibition trials (marginally significant); ↑P3 latency for failed than successful inhibitions (only in females); ↓ERN amplitude than N/LDs (marginally significant) Behavioral: BDs: ↑ Stop signal reaction time than N/LDs (only in females) |
Electrophysiological deficits during response inhibition and performance monitoring seem to be common to both sexes; however females also show to be more vulnerable at behavioral level |
|
Smith et al., 2017a Cross-sectional Australia |
N/LDs: 35 (18♂, 17♀)BDs: 25 (12♂, 13♀) |
N/LDs: 21.8 ± 2.2 BDs: 22.2 ± 2.5 |
(Same as above) |
(Same asSmith et al., 2015) |
Error awareness (Stroop Go/NoGo) task | No ERPs differences between groups Behavioral: BDS: ↑inhibitory errors |
BDs commit more inhibitory errors, suggesting deficits in inhibitory control, but they not display failures in error awareness |
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Smith et al., 2017b Cross-sectional Australia |
Study 1: N/LDs: 13♂ BDs: 12♂ CU: 8♂ Study 2: N/LDs: 45 (25♂, 20♀)BDs: 39 (23♂, 16♀)Cannabis users: 20 (11♂, 9♀) |
Study 1: 17.2±0.7 Study 2: N/LDs: ♂ 20.0 ± 1.1 ♀ 19.9 ± 1.2 BDs: ♂ 19.7 ± 1.2 ♀ 20.0 ± 1.2 Cannabis users: ♂ 20.6 ± 1.2 ♀ 20.1 ± 1.2 |
N/LDs: non-regular use of cannabis and non-regular heavy drinking BDs: ≥ 4 SADs per occasion at least once a month in the past year Cannabis < 2 times/month in the past year Cannabis users: Cannabis ≥ 2 times/month in the preceding 12 months |
Regular use of drugs (except cannabis/tobacco); Uncorrected hearing/vision problems; Use of psychoactive medications; Seizure, serious head injury or LoC. |
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test | BDs: ↑P540 than N/LDs. Cannabis users: ↓N340 than BDs Behavioral: BDs: poorer delayed recall relative to N/LDs (Study 2) |
The results indicated alterations in recognition memory processing which, even in the absence of overt behavioral impairment, underline the potential for neural dysfunction with early exposure to alcohol |
Note. AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; AUDIT-K = AUDIT - Korean; BAC = Blood Alcohol Concentration; BD = Binge Drinking; BDs = Binge Drinkers; CNS = Central Nervous System; DDs = Daily Drinkers; ERN = Error-Related Negativity; FRN = Feedback-related Negativity; GSI = Global Severity Index; HBDs = High Binge Drinkers; LBDs = Light Binge Drinkers; N/LDs = Non/Light Drinkers; LoC = Loss of Consciousness; LPC = Late Positive Component; MDs = Moderate Drinkers; N = sample size; NBDs = Non-Binge Drinkers; NDs = Non-Drinkers; Pe = Error-positivity; SCL-90-R = Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; SD = Standard Deviation; SADs = Standard Alcoholic Drinks; ↑= larger/higher; ↓= lower/reduced; ΔFRN = difference in amplitudes of feedback-related negativity between gain and loss feedback; VPP = Vertex Positive Potential.