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. 2021 Jan 12;17(1):11. doi: 10.1007/s11306-020-01759-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Plasma levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; left panel) and area under the curve (AUC; right panel) of a o-acetylcholine, b glutamate, c alanine and d pyruvate in lean adolescents with normal insulin (NI; black, n = 21), adolescents with obesity and NI (green, n = 18), adolescents with obesity and high insulin (HI; blue, n = 20), and adolescents with obesity and HI in combination with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; red, n = 23). P-values for group (n = 4, mixed model) and corresponding Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P-values (Q-values) are presented for metabolites identified as discriminative via the univariate statistical approach (o-acetylcarnitine, glutamate and alanine). O-acetylcarnitine, glutamate and alanine also showed a significant obesity effect (lean vs. obese) (P < 0.05). Pyruvate was identified as discriminative via the multivariate statistical approach and a significant model was obtained at 60 min. Pyruvate also showed a close to significant time × obesity interaction (P = 0.0551) (Color figure online)