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. 2021 Jan 12;11:720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80606-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scheme of the experiments 1 (EXP1), 2 (EXP2) and 3 (EXP3) conducted on caddisflies. The burrowing experiment of mayflies was carried out as EXP1 with the addition of pseudo-replicas. NAT: natural substrate of sand and river pebbles; lMP: mixture of PS, PET, PP (in equal proportions): MIX: mixture of NAT and lMP (50% each); ABS: acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene; PS: polystyrene; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride. Measures of tanks: EXP1 = 30 × 15 × 15 cm (length × width × height), volume 5 l; EXP2 and EXP3 = 10 × 15 cm (diameter × height), volume 1 l. The image is obtained by the software PowerPoint (ver. 2002, https://www.microsoft.com/it-it/microsoft-365/powerpoint).