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. 2021 Jan 12;11:762. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80386-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Working Memory Paradigm “n-back”. The upper left part illustrates the easier version of the working memory paradigm (“1-back”). The participant watched a stream of letters and had to respond when the same letter is presented two times in a row, as indicated by the red circle. The upper right part illustrates the more difficult version of the working memory paradigm (“2-back”). The participant watched a stream of letters and had to respond when the letter was the same as the one before the last letter, as indicated by the red circle. While the participant was involved in the task, a heat pain was applied on the forearm, and the participants rated their heat pain experience after each block on a visual analogue scale.