Table 1.
Odds ratios of loneliness items before and during COVID-19 confinement
| Odds ratio, hardly v. sometimes or often lonely | ||
|---|---|---|
| PRE (2 y)/PRE (1 y) | DURING/PRE (1 y) | |
| All (N = 1604) | ||
| Lack of company | 1.02, CI 0.83–1.26 | 0.44, CI 0.36–0.55a |
| Exclusion | 0.96, CI 0.78–1.21 | 0.23, CI 0.17–0.30a |
| Isolation | 0.98, CI 0.80–1.2 | 0.79, CI 0.64–0.98a |
| Confined alone (N = 169) | ||
| Lack of company | 1.1, CI 0.60–2.03 | 0.47, CI 0.25, 0.86a |
| Exclusion | 1.05, CI 0.56–1.96 | 0.20, CI 0.09–0.44a |
| Isolation | 1.34, CI 0.79–2.27 | 1.39, CI 0.82–2.35 |
Odds ratios compare the odds of often or sometimes feeling lacking company, excluded or isolated compared with hardly ever in the two PRE-COVID-19 assessments (left column) and in the DURING-COVID-19 compared with the PRE-COVID-19 (1 y) assessment (right column). Top: odds obtained from all participants having answered the three loneliness assessments. Bottom: odds obtained from participants confined alone after COVID-19 outbreak and who already lived alone before the outbreak. Odds ratios are derived from a binomial linear mixed model with a random intercept for each participant; 95% confidence intervals are obtained from the estimated standard deviation of the regression coefficients.
95% CI not including lack of effect (OR = 1).