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. 2020 Dec 11:1–15. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720005188

Table 5.

Endorsement of coronavirus conspiracy beliefs (OCEANS coronavirus conspiracy scale).

Do not agree Agree a little Agree moderately Agree a lot Agree completely Don't know
1. The virus is a hoax. 3682 (72.0%) 355 (6.9%) 388 (7.6%) 216 (4.2%) 197 (3.9%) 276 (5.4%)
2. The virus is manmade. 1542 (30.2%) 772 (15.1%) 741 (14.5%) 645 (12.6%) 746 (14.6%) 668 (13.1%)
3. The spread of the virus is a deliberate attempt to reduce the size of the global population. 2604 (50.9%) 607 (11.9%) 584 (11.4%) 402 (7.9%) 427 (8.3%) 490 (9.6%)
4. The spread of the virus is a deliberate attempt by governments to gain political control. 2799 (54.7%) 569 (11.1%) 544 (10.6%) 372 (7.3%) 386 (7.5%) 444 (8.7%)
5. The spread of the virus is a deliberate attempt by a group of powerful people to make money. 2794 (54.6%) 536 (10.5%) 512 (10.0%) 372 (7.3%) 415 (8.1%) 485 (9.5%)
6. The spread of the virus is a deliberate attempt by one nation to destabilise another. 2539 (49.6%) 642 (12.6%) 538 (10.5%) 400 (7.8%) 455 (8.9%) 540 (10.6%)
7. The spread of the virus is a deliberate attempt by global companies to take control. 2882 (56.4%) 493 (9.6%) 461 (9.0%) 397 (7.8%) 382 (7.5%) 499 (9.8%)
8. COVID-19 is a bioweapon developed by China to destroy the West. 2321 (45.4%) 701 (13.7%) 538 (10.5%) 395 (7.7%) 439 (8.6%) 720 (14.1%)
9. The virus is a biological weapon manufactured by the United States. 3277 (64.1%) 345 (6.7%) 350 (6.8%) 314 (6.1%) 207 (4.0%) 621 (12.1%)
10. The United Nations (UN) and World Health Organisation (WHO) have manufactured the virus to take global control. 3358 (65.7%) 350 (6.8%) 393 (7.7%) 246 (4.8%) 212 (4.1%) 555 (10.9%)
11. Jews have created the virus to collapse the economy for financial gain. 3730 (72.9%) 214 (4.2%) 308 (6.0%) 242 (4.7%) 165 (3.2%) 455 (8.9%)
12. The elite have created the virus in order to establish a one-world government. 3357 (65.6%) 312 (6.1%) 343 (6.7%) 300 (5.9%) 272 (5.3%) 530 (10.4%)
13. Bill Gates has created the virus in order to reduce the world population. 3572 (69.8%) 246 (4.8%) 308 (6.0%) 268 (5.2%) 239 (4.7%) 481 (9.4%)
14. Big Pharma created COVID-19 to profit from the vaccines. 3333 (65.2%) 342 (6.7%) 346 (6.8%) 288 (5.6%) 256 (5.0%) 549 (10.7%)
15. COVID-19 is being used by the government to implement a police state. 2992 (58.5%) 611 (11.9%) 473 (9.2%) 307 (6.0%) 300 (5.9%) 431 (8.4%)
16. COVID-19 is caused by 5 G and is a form of radiation poisoning transmitted through radio waves. 3698 (72.3%) 236 (4.6%) 358 (7.0%) 270 (5.3%) 164 (3.2%) 388 (7.6%)
17. The virus is a smokescreen for a global conspiracy that swapped the real world with a simulation. 3546 (69.3%) 322 (6.3%) 358 (7.0%) 261 (5.1%) 205 (4.0%) 422 (8.3%)
18. COVID-19 was created to force everyone to get vaccinated. 3393 (66.3%) 373 (7.3%) 333 (6.5%) 306 (6.0%) 291 (5.7%) 418 (8.2%)
19. The vaccine will be used to carry out mass sterilisation. 3470 (67.9%) 275 (5.4%) 323 (6.3%) 296 (5.8%) 284 (5.6%) 466 (9.1%)
20. The World Health Organisation (WHO) already has a vaccine and are withholding it. 3278 (64.1%) 372 (7.3%) 338 (6.6%) 299 (5.8%) 242 (4.7%) 585 (11.4%)
21. Antibody testing is a plot to harvest our DNA. 3355 (65.6%) 310 (6.1%) 356 (7.0%) 301 (5.9%) 282 (5.5%) 510 (10.0%)