Table 5.
Multivariable logistic regression models for post-traumatic distress (IES-R ⩾ 24), anxiety (SAS ⩾ 36) and depression (PHQ-9 ⩾ 10) (n = 2195)
| Post-traumatic distress | Anxiety | Depression | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value | p value | p value | |||||||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Category | Overall LR test | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Category | Overall LR test | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Category | Overall LR test | |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1 | 0·053 | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | <0·001 | |||
| Female | 1·34 (1·00–1·81) | 0·053 | 2·18 (1·71–2·78) | <0·001 | 1·70 (1·28–2·26) | <0·001 | |||
| Living condition | |||||||||
| With family/other relatives | 1 | 0·005 | 1 | 0·613 | 1 | <0·001 | |||
| Alone | 1·58 (1·15–2·18) | 0·005 | 1·07 (0·82–1·40) | 0·613 | 1·70 (1·29–2·24) | <0·001 | |||
| Work place | |||||||||
| Intensive care units | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | 0·101 | 1 | 0·011 | |||
| Sub-intensive care wards for COVID-19 ptsa | 0·82 (0·49–1·35) | 0·431 | 0·73 (0·45–1·17) | 0·190 | 0·69 (0·44–1·10) | 0·118 | |||
| Frontline services dealing with COVID-19 ptsb | 0·47 (0·28–0·79) | 0·005 | 0·70 (0·43–1·15) | 0·158 | 0·58 (0·35–0·95) | 0·030 | |||
| Non-COVID wards | 0·40 (0·27–0·60) | <0·001 | 0·59 (0·41–0·85) | 0·005 | 0·52 (0·36–0·75) | <0·001 | |||
| Laboratory diagnostic servicesc | 0·52 (0·29–0·94) | 0·030 | 0·68 (0·42–1·10) | 0·114 | 0·54 (0·33–0·89) | 0·015 | |||
| Administration | 0·24 (0·11–0·51) | <0·001 | 0·74 (0·42–1·30) | 0·294 | 0·41 (0·22–0·76) | 0·005 | |||
| Length of working experience | |||||||||
| <6 yrs | 1 | 0·017 | 1 | 0·685 | 1 | 0·478 | |||
| 6–20 yrs | 1·12 (0·78–1·60) | 0·538 | 1·15 (0·84–1·56) | 0·385 | 1·22 (0·88–1·70) | 0·236 | |||
| >20 yrs | 1·58 (1·10–2·26) | 0·013 | 1·09 (0·81–1·48) | 0·560 | 1·18 (0·85–1·64) | 0·321 | |||
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Physicians | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | 0·161 | |||
| Residents | 0·74 (0·43–1·27) | 0·269 | 1·29 (0·83–2·01) | 0·256 | 1·52 (0·92–2·50) | 0·099 | |||
| Nurses | 2·06 (1·40–3·04) | <0·001 | 2·27 (1·64–3·14) | <0·001 | 1·59 (1·09–2·31) | 0·015 | |||
| Other healthcare staff | 1·45 (0·94–2·22) | 0·089 | 1·70 (1·20–2·41) | 0·003 | 1·56 (1·04–2·34) | 0·030 | |||
| Administrative staff | 1·58 (0·75–3·31) | 0·227 | 1·51 (0·92–2·50) | 0·104 | 1·54 (0·86–2·76) | 0·150 | |||
| Having pre-existing psychological problems | |||||||||
| No | 1 | – | <0.001 | 1 | – | <0.001 | 1 | – | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2.63 (1.51–4.58) | 0.001 | 2.71 (1.73–4.24) | <0.001 | 2.61 (1.75–3.89) | <0.001 | |||
| Experienced traumatic event | |||||||||
| No | – | – | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | <0·001 | |||
| Yes | – | – | 2·63 (2·12–3·26) | <0·001 | 2·45 (1·90–3·17) | <0·001 | |||
| Afraid of falling ill with COVID-19 | |||||||||
| No | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | <0·001 | 1 | 0·012 | |||
| Yes | 2·40 (1·55–3·73) | <0·001 | 2·94 (2·15–4·03) | <0·001 | 1·69 (1·18–2·43) | 0·004 | |||
| Don't know | 1·45 (0·64–3·30) | 0·369 | 2·00 (1·08–3·69) | 0·027 | 1·47 (0·72–2·99) | 0·285 | |||
| Number of observations | 1212 | 1938 | 1926 | ||||||
| LR test, p value | Chi2(16) = 138·31, <0·001 | Chi2(17) = 339·20, <0·001 | Chi2(17) = 187·82, <0·001 | ||||||
| Hosmer−Lemeshow goodness-of-fit (10 groups) Chi2(8), p value | 4.57, 0·802 | 4.15, 0·843 | 14.62, 0·067 | ||||||
| Pearson goodness-of-fit Number of covariate patterns Chi2(df), p value | 306Chi2(289) = 312·61, 0·162 | 536Chi2(518) = 540·91, 0·235 | 531Chi2(513) = 559·46, 0·076 | ||||||
| Area under ROC curve | 0·689 | 0·729 | 0·697 | ||||||
a
Infectious Disease Unit, Pulmonary Medicine, Internal Medicine units converted specifically to COVID-19; .
b
Radiology and Emergency Department;.
c
Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, Immunology, Pathology, Microbiology.