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. 2021 Jan 12;11:549. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80810-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental setup. (a) A schematic view, and (b) a photo. Given that the blood suction pump draws air, the pump adjusts the blood loss in the surgical field. In actual clinical practice, the surgical field (No. 7) and the blood suction pumps (No. 8) allow the estimation of the total aspirated flow rate in the operative field. Additionally, the microbubble sensor (No. 2) was installed to confirm that no air was mixed in the venous circuit from the patient reservoir, and the other microbubble sensor (No. 2) was attached to the bottom of the reservoir to measure the number of microbubbles. The blood was pumped by the centrifugal pump (No. 4), the flow rate was measured by the corresponding sensor (No. 6), and the blood was returned to the patient reservoir through the membrane oxygenators (No. 5). The patient reservoir was set up to regulate the circulating blood volume. It also contributed to the removal of microbubbles.