Table 4.
Characteristics of three physical activity measures subgroups at baseline and follow-up or onset of diabetes.
| Fast walking (−) | Fast walking (+) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes onset (−) | Diabetes onset (+) | Diabetes onset (−) | Diabetes onset (+) | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | P | Baseline | At onset | P | Baseline | Follow-up | P | Baseline | At onset | P | |
| n | 80,457 | 3,247 | 80,995 | 2,982 | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (3.3) | 23.2 (3.3) | 0.488 | 24.7 (3.7)** | 25.0 (3.9) | <0.05 | 22.69 (2.89) | 22.70 (2.92) | <0.05 | 23.9 (3.1)** | 24.2 (3.3) | <0.05 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.8 (9.1) | 83.8 (9.2) | 0.35 | 87.8 (9.5)** | 88.4 (9.9) | <0.05 | 82.5 (8.4) | 82.5 (8.4) | 0.95 | 85.6 (8.5)** | 86.3 (8.8) | <0.05 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 92.9 (9.3) | 92.9 (9.8) | 0.53 | 104.4 (11.7)** | 117.3 (24.0) | <0.05 | 93.0 (9.3) | 93.1 (9.8) | <0.05 | 105.9 (11.4)** | 118.7 (22.7) | <0.05 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.57 (0.32) | 5.59 (0.32) | <0.05 | 6.00 (0.34)** | 6.35 (0.66) | <0.05 | 5.57 (0.32) | 5.59 (0.32) | <0.05 | 6.02 (0.33)** | 6.36 (0.62) | <0.05 |
| Body weight, kg | 56.9 (10.2) | 56.8 (10.2) | <0.05 | 61.4 (11.4)** | 62.0 (11.8) | <0.05 | 56.6 (9.8) | 56.5 (9.9) | <0.05 | 60.4 (10.2)** | 61.0 (10.6) | <0.05 |
| Exercise to sweat lightly, % | 29.6 | – | – | 33.9** | – | – | 53.4 | – | – | 57.5** | – | – |
| Walking>1 hour/day, % | 40.9 | – | – | 43.7** | – | – | 63.3 | – | – | 65.6* | – | – |
| Fast walking, % | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 100 | – | – | 100 | – | – |
| Weight change ± 3kg within 1year, % | 20.0 | – | – | 26.8** | – | – | 19.3 | – | – | 25.6** | – | – |
| Exercise to sweat lightly (−) | Exercise to sweat lightly (+) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes onset (−) | Diabetes onset (+) | Diabetes onset (−) | Diabetes onset (+) | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | P | Baseline | At onset | P | Baseline | Follow-up | P | Baseline | At onset | P | |
| n | 94,366 | 3,404 | 67,086 | 2,825 | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 (3.2) | 22.9 (3.2) | 0.348 | 24.6 (3.7)** | 24.8 (3.8) | <0.05 | 23.0 (2.9) | 23.0 (3.0) | 0.056 | 24.1 (3.2)** | 24.3 (3.4) | <0.05 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.14 (9.09) | 83.11 (9.09) | 0.06 | 87.4 (9.5)** | 88.1 (9.9) | <0.05 | 83.1 (8.3) | 83.1 (8.4) | 0.23 | 86.0 (8.5)** | 86.6 (8.8) | <0.05 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 92.7 (9.3) | 92.7 (9.7) | 0.4 | 104.7 (11.5)** | 118.1 (24.2) | <0.05 | 93.3 (9.3) | 93.4 (9.9) | <0.05 | 105.5 (11.6)** | 117.8 (22.4) | <0.05 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.56 (0.32) | 5.58 (0.32) | <0.05 | 6.01 (0.34)** | 6.36 (0.66) | <0.05 | 5.58 (0.31) | 5.60 (0.32) | <0.05 | 6.01 (0.34)** | 6.34 (0.61) | <0.05 |
| Body weight, kg | 56.6 (10.2) | 56.5 (10.3) | <0.05 | 61.1 (11.3)** | 61.7 (11.7) | <0.05 | 57.0 (9.7) | 56.8 (9.7) | <0.05 | 60.7 (10.3)** | 61.2 (10.7) | <0.05 |
| Exercise to sweat lightly, % | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 100 | – | – | 100 | – | – |
| Walking>1 hour/day, % | 36.2 | – | – | 35.5** | – | – | 74.4 | – | – | 76.6* | – | – |
| Fast walking, % | 40.0 | – | – | 37.0** | – | – | 64.5 | – | – | 61.0** | – | – |
| Weight change ± 3kg within 1year, % | 20.3 | – | – | 26.9** | – | – | 18.8 | – | – | 25.5** | – | – |
| Walking>1 hour/day (−) | Walking>1 hour/day (+) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes onset (−) | Diabetes onset (+) | Diabetes onset (−) | Diabetes onset (+) | |||||||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | P | Baseline | At onset | P | Baseline | Follow-up | P | Baseline | At onset | P | |
| n | 77,321 | 2,856 | 84,131 | 3,373 | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0 (3.2) | 23.0 (3.2) | 0.9 | 24.6 (3.6)** | 24.9 (3.8) | <0.05 | 22.9 (3.0) | 22.9 (3.0) | <0.05 | 24.1 (3.3)** | 24.4 (3.5) | <0.05 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.44 (9.05) | 83.39 (9.09) | <0.05 | 87.6 (9.3)** | 88.3 (9.7) | <0.05 | 82.8 (8.5) | 82.9 (8.6) | 0.09 | 86.1 (8.9)** | 86.7 (9.2) | <0.05 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dl | 92.7 (9.3) | 92.8 (9.7) | <0.05 | 104.5 (11.7)** | 118.2 (24.7) | <0.05 | 93.1 (9.3) | 93.2 (9.8) | <0.05 | 105.6 (11.5)** | 117.8 (22.3) | <0.05 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.57 (0.32) | 5.58 (0.32) | <0.05 | 6.01 (0.34)** | 6.35 (0.61) | <0.05 | 5.57 (0.31) | 5.59 (0.32) | <0.05 | 6.01 (0.34)** | 6.35 (0.66) | <0.05 |
| Body weight, kg | 57.0 (10.2) | 56.8 (10.3) | <0.05 | 61.3 (11.2)** | 62.0 (11.6) | <0.05 | 56.6 (9.7) | 56.5 (9.9) | <0.05 | 60.6 (10.5)** | 61.1 (10.9) | <0.05 |
| Exercise to sweat lightly, % | 22.2 | – | – | 23.1** | – | – | 59.4 | – | – | 64.2** | – | – |
| Walking>1 hour/day, % | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – | 100 | – | – | 100 | – | – |
| Fast walking, % | 38.5 | – | – | 36.0** | – | – | 60.9 | – | – | 58.0** | – | – |
| Weight change ± 3kg within 1year, % | 20.4 | – | – | 27.6** | – | – | 19.0 | – | – | 25.1** | – | – |