Table 3.
Risk factors for urinary incontinence during pregnancy.
| Variable | Classification | Univariate |
Multivariable |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p valuea | aOR (95% CI) | p valuea | ||
| Gestational age (y/o) | ≥35 vs. <35 | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | 0.1785 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.9124 |
| Education (y) | ≤12 vs. >12 | 1.37 (0.84, 2.21) | 0.2048 | 1.32 (0.79, 2.20) | 0.2864 |
| Parity | Primi- vs. Multiparity | 0.79 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.0066 | 0.77 (0.64, 0.94) | 0.0092 |
| Preterm (week) | <37 vs. ≥37 | 0.49 (0.38, 0.64) | <0.0001 | ||
| Mode of delivery | Instrument vs. Vaginal | 0.94 (0.55, 1.61) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (0.60, 1.81) | <0.0001 |
| CS vs. Vaginal | 0.25 (0.20, 0.31) | 0.37 (0.24, 0.56) | |||
| Preeclampsia or Gestational DM | Yes vs. No | 0.61 (0.45, 0.82) | 0.0010 | – | |
| Labor augmentation | Yes vs. No | 1.67 (1.41, 1.98) | <0.0001 | – | |
| Labor duration (min) | ≥400 vs. < 400 | 1.18 (0.92, 1.51) | 0.1915 | – | |
| Emergent CS | Yes vs. No | 0.46 (0.31, 0.70) | 0.0002 | – | |
| Infant gender | Male vs. Female | 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) | 0.2236 | – | |
| LBW (gm) | <2500 vs. ≥2500 | 0.51 (0.38, 0.68) | <0.0001 | – | |
| Macrosomia (gm) | ≥4000 vs. < 4000 | 1.88 (0.95, 3.75) | 0.0719 | – | |
| FHC (cm) | ≥36 vs. < 36 | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) | 0.6261 | – | |
| FBW/MBMI | (continuous) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.0089 |
| TBWI | (continuous) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.1580 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.0125 |
| Maternal initial BMI | BMI ≥25 vs. < 25 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.7491 | 1.35 (1.04, 1.75) | 0.0245 |
Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; DM: diabetes mellitus; CS: cesarean section; LBW: low birth weight; FHC: fetal head circumference; FBW/MBMI: fetal birth weight/maternal body mass index; TBWI: total body weight increase; BMI: body mass index.
a
p-value from univariate or multiple logistic regression.