Figure 6.

Schematic illustration of the anticancer mechanisms of kahweol acetate and cafestol. Kahweol acetate and cafestol inhibited cell proliferation and migration by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting epithelial–mesenchymal transition (orange and yellow colored molecules, respectively). Kahweol acetate and cafestol also inhibited CCR2/5/6, may potentially target the chemokine axis, and may affect the tumor immune environment by downregulating PD-L1 (blue colored molecules). Moreover, kahweol acetate and cafestol also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, which play central roles in tumor progression (gray colored molecules).