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. 2021 Jan 12;11:774. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80787-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Deaths per million 30 days after 100 cases were reached for countries with an active BCG vaccination program for the 15 years preceding the pandemic (Test) vs countries without BCG vaccination programs (Control). Cluster 4 contains no comparator and CRM was generally low. The results in cluster 2 are possibly driven by Ireland which has endured significant CRM among at risk populations. (a) and (b) were created using R Studio for windows (1.3.1093) at https://rstudio.com/; R for windows (4.0.3) at https://www.r-project.org/; and Microsoft Powerpoint Version 2008, Build 13127.20760. URL—https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/. (b) Deaths per million 30 days after 100 cases were reached for countries with an active BCG vaccination program for the 40 years preceding the pandemic (Test) vs countries without BCG vaccination (Control). The results in cluster 2 are possibly driven by Ireland which has endured significant CRM among at risk populations.

(a) Deaths per million 30 days after 100 cases were reached for countries with an active BCG vaccination program for the 15 years preceding the pandemic (Test) vs countries without BCG vaccination programs (Control). Cluster 4 contains no comparator and CRM was generally low. The results in cluster 2 are possibly driven by Ireland which has endured significant CRM among at risk populations. (a) and (b) were created using R Studio for windows (1.3.1093) at https://rstudio.com/; R for windows (4.0.3) at https://www.r-project.org/; and Microsoft Powerpoint Version 2008, Build 13127.20760. URL—https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/. (b) Deaths per million 30 days after 100 cases were reached for countries with an active BCG vaccination program for the 40 years preceding the pandemic (Test) vs countries without BCG vaccination (Control). The results in cluster 2 are possibly driven by Ireland which has endured significant CRM among at risk populations.