Table 2.
Risk of osteoporosis with use of ICS compared with nonuse, stratified by exposure time.
| 3 year | Case | Controla | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted ORb (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICS exposure, no (%) | N = 58,048 | N = 174,144 | ||||
| No use of ICS | 50,156 (86.4) | 151,564 (87.03) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| ICS use | 7892 (13.6) | 22,580 (12.97) | 1.056 (1.028, 1.086) | < 0.0001 | 1.053 (1.020, 1.087) | 0.0013 |
| Current use (< 1 year) | 1871 (3.2) | 5838 (3.4) | 0.969 (0.919, 1.022) | 0.2414 | 0.971 (0.918, 1.027) | 0.3019 |
| Recent use (1–2 year) | 1789 (3.1) | 5202 (3.0) | 1.040 (0.984, 1.098) | 0.1635 | 1.032 (0.975, 1.092) | 0.2751 |
| Past use (2–3 year) | 4232 (7.3) | 11,540 (6.6) | 1.108 (1.068, 1.150) | < 0.0001 | 1.090 (1.048, 1.135) | < 0.0001 |
OR odds ratio.
aCase and control matched by age group, gender, COPD severity, asthma, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, and malignancy.
bAdjusted for age group, gender, urbanization level, income, COPD severity, comorbidity, the oral steroids use and co-medication.