Table 3.

Risk of osteoporosis with use of ICS, stratified by the mean daily dose, and MPR of ICS.

3 years	Case	Controla	Crude OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted ORb (95% CI)	P value
ICS exposure, no (%)	N = 58,048	N = 174,144
The mean daily dose
No use of ICS	50,156 (86.4)	151,564 (87.03)	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
ICS use	7892 (13.6)	22,580 (12.97)	1.056 (1.028, 1.086)	< 0.0001	1.053 (1.020, 1.087)	0.0013
Low dose	266 (0.46)	1146 (0.66)	0.702 (0.614, 0.802)	< 0.0001	0.714 (0.623, 0.818)	< 0.0001
Median dose	755 (1.3)	2388 (1.37)	0.956 (0.880, 1.038)	0.2840	0.96 (0.882, 1.044)	0.3363
High dose	6871( 11.84)	19,046 (10.94)	1.091 (1.059, 1.123)	< 0.0001	1.085 (1.049, 1.121)	< 0.0001
MPR
No use of ICS	50,156 (86.4)	151,564 (87.03)	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
ICS use	7892 (13.6)	22,580 (12.97)	1.056 (1.028, 1.086)	< 0.0001	1.053 (1.020, 1.087)	0.0013
High adherence group (MPR ≥ 0.8)	7448 (12.83)	21,561 (12.38)	1.044 (1.015, 1.074)	0.0027	1.040 (1.008, 1.074)	0.0151
Low adherence group (MPR < 0.8)	444 (0.76)	1019 (0.59)	1.318 (1.178, 1.474)	< 0.0001	1.320 (1.177, 1.480)	< 0.0001

OR odds ratio.

^aCase and control matched by age group, gender, COPD severity, asthma, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, and malignancy.

^bAdjusted for age group, gender, urbanization level, income, COPD severity, comorbidity, the oral steroids use and co-medication.