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. 2021 Jan 12;11:803. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80378-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Oxidized metabolites of cholesterol that are elevated in the spinal cords of ALS patients. Humans and mice show comparative differences in spinal cord (GM = grey matter, VWM = ventral white matter) (a) oxysterol and (b) bile acid composition. (c) 24-OHC and (d) 7α-OHC levels are increased in the cervical spinal cord homogenates of ALS patients. (e) Oxysterols generated from the auto-oxidation of sterols including 7β-OHC, 7-KC, 5α6α-EC, 5β6β-EC and THC are significantly elevated spinal cords of ALS patients. (f) Primary, secondary and conjugated bile acid levels in the spinal cords of ALS patients. Statistical comparisons for ALS patient data are relative to age-matched control (CTRL) tissue subtype (****p = 0.0001, ***p = 0.001, **p = 0.01, and *p = 0.05). Columns not connected by the same letter are significantly (p = 0.001) different from each other. Error bars represent ± SEM.