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. 2021 Jan 12;11:638. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79958-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological assessment of intervertebral discs (IVDs) showing that UPAL gel prevents IVD degeneration in the rat nucleus pulposus (NP) punch model. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate IVD degeneration after IVD injury 28 days after surgery. Mid-sagittal sections (5 μm thick) of rat IVDs were obtained and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Safranin O (SO), and Alcian blue (AB) to evaluate a histological score (a) Representative image of H&E, SO, and AB staining in annulus fibrosus (AF), NP, and endplate (EP) tissues. Scale bar, 100 µm for all except for the top row. 200 µm for the top row images. (b) Histological grading (degeneration) score. The score in the sham group was zero. The histological grading (degeneration) score in the gel group was significantly lower than that in the punch group (*P < 0.05). The boxes represent the median and the interquartile range, with the vertical lines showing the range. The rhombus shape represents the 95% confidence interval (at each time point, n = 3 rats; n = 6 IVDs in each group).