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. 2021 Jan 12;11:748. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80661-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypic effect of the seven identified genes in their top associated module. Blue and red indicate a local shape depression and protrusion, respectively, due to carrying the low-frequency variants in the gene. (A) First column shows gene effect on a representative module placing on the full face; middle column shows the lateral view of the average shape of the corresponding module among people who do not carry any variant in the gene; right column shows the change in the shape of the same module, from non-carrier to carrier, multiplied by a constant (7), to make the changes more visibly distinctive. (B) For NECTIN1 gene, we show both lateral (top) and frontal (bottom) view of its effect on chin shape. NECTIN1 variant carriers on average displayed a sharper, more protruding chin.