Fig. 2.

Stimuli promoting glycolysis-induced drug resistance. Cell-autonomous stimuli or stimuli from the TME induce tumor cells to undergo a switch from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism towards glycolytic metabolism. When this switch is accompanied by «qualitative» (e.g., expression of embryonic isoforms, post-translational modifications) or «quantitative» (overexpression of enzymes or overproduction of metabolites) changes, drug resistance and, possibly, other nonenzymatic activities are induced in the affected cell(s). LncmRNA, long noncoding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; TME, tumor microenvironment.