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. 2021 Jan 12;11:584. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79789-8

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Autophagic impairment and autophagic flux induce activation and senescence in normal oral fibroblasts. (a) Treatment of NHOF2 with SAR405 for 120 h inhibited autophagy (increased LC3B-II and p62), while TGF-β1 induced autophagic flux (high LC3B-II and low p62). Both SAR405 and TGF-β1 induced the expression of α-SMA and down-regulated SIRT1 levels in NHOF2. Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. S8. (b) Mean densitometric values from three experiments were normalised to GAPDH and expressed relative to fibroblasts treated with vehicle control (= 1). (c) The proliferation of normal fibroblasts was significantly lower after SAR405 or TGF-β1 treatment as compared to control (= 1). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001, ****0.0001, ANOVA compared to control. (d) Fibroblasts with autophagic inhibition (SAR405) and autophagic activation (TGF-β1) displayed a senescent phenotype of higher SA-β-gal positivity. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, ANOVA compared to control. (e) Representative images of SA-β-gal staining of SAR405- or/and TGF-β1-treated NHOF2. Treated fibroblasts displayed typical features of senescent cells with enlarged cell size, flat-shaped and contractile myofibroblast-like phenotypes. Scale bar indicates 200 μm.