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. 2021 Jan 12;11:745. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80497-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Development of a continuous imaging model of human blood vessels using human tumor tissues. (a) Human tumor was freshly resected from cancer patients. (b) Tumors were cut into 1–2 mm fragments with scissors. (c) Tumor fragments were transplanted into a cranial window in NOD-Scid mice. (d) Mice were intravenously injected with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-human CD31 monoclonal antibody (huCD31-AF488 Ab) to visualize the human blood vessels specifically in vivo. AF488-labeled human blood vessels were observed by confocal microscopy under isoflurane anesthesia.