Table 1.

Data supporting high rates of bacterial infection in lupus patients.

	Cervera et al., 1999	Kang et al., 2011	Jacobsen et al., 1999	Fei et al., 2014	Tsai et al., 2020	Bharath et al., 2019	Oud et al., 2019	Ruiz-Irastorza et al., 2009
Location(s)	Seven countries in Europe	South Korea	Denmark	China	Taiwan	India	USA	Spain
SLE Cohort Size	1000	1010	513	3831	427	53	94,338	249
Clinical Outcome	Mortality	Mortality	Mortality	Mortality	Mortality	Mortality	Hospitalization due to sepsis	Hospitalization
Percent with infection	24.4% (Bacterial)	37.3%	20.49%	1986–1995: 25.7% 2006–2012: 53.6%	72.47%	47.2%	18.1%	29%
Infection sites	Respiratory Abdominal Urinary Tract	Respiratory Sepsis Abscess Meningitis Peritonitis Infectious Colitis	Respiratory Bacteremia Meningitis Brain Abscess Endocarditis Hepatitis	Respiratory Generalized Bacteremia Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis Peritonitis Meningitis	Respiratory Bacteremia Urinary Tract Skin	Respiratory Urinary tract	Respiratory Urinary Tract Abdominal Skin and Soft Tissue Device Related Other Unknown	Respiratory Bacteremia Cellulitis and skin abscess Meningitis-encephalitis Pyelonephritis Abdominal Other
Bacterial Genus Identified	None Identified	None Identified	Staphylococcus Streptococcus Klebsiella	Staphylococcus Klebsiella Pseudomonas Acinetobacter Enterococcus Escherichia Salmonella Pseudomonas Nocardia	Staphylococcus Escherichia	Acinetobacter Klebsiella Pseudomonas	None Identified	Escherichia Staphylococcus Mycobacterium Streptococcus Salmonella Pseudomonas Neisseria Campylobacter Legionella Serratia
Risk Factors Identified	Nephropathy	Irreversible organ damage related to SLE; cyclophosphamide therapy; glucocorticoid dosage	Early onset of disease; disease duration of 5–10 years	None Identified	Higher SLEDAI score; short disease duration; female Sex	Lung involvement; nephritis	Age 65+ years; High Deyo comorbidity index; multiple organ dysfunction	Lung disease; nephritis; leukopenia; anti-phospholipid autoantibodies; prednisone treatment