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. 2021 Jan 13;21:62. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05746-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The overlap of positivity between mNGS and culture in pathogen and sample types. a. 19 pathogens detected in ID group with their corresponding frequencies were showed in histograms. Klebsiella, bacteria without MTB/NTM, EBV, CMV, NTM, Anaerobes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Proteus, Pneumocystis carinii, Abiotrophia, Nocardia, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcu and Escherichia coli demonstrated a trend of higher positivity rate in mNGS than that in culture with no statistical differences (P > 0.05). Acinetobacter baumannii and MTB were found equally in two groups. b. The overall sensitivity of mNGS in the different sample types were significantly different (P = 0.03) while sample types did not affect the sensitivity of pathogens in culture. Interestingly, especially in the types of BALF, blood and sputum samples, mNGS had significantly higher sensitivity than the culture (P = 0.002 for BALF, P < 0.001 for blood, P = 0.037 for sputum). Abbreviations: BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; mNGS, metagenomic next-generation sequencing; HSV, herpes simplex virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NTM, nontuberculous mycobacteria; ns, no significant difference