Table 3.
Super pathway and sub-pathways
| Superpathwa y reference | Sub-pathway name | Increased/Decreased* | Metabolite name | HMDB ID | Kegg ID | Reference study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | Increased | Glucose | HMDB0000122 | C00031 | Ghartey 2015 |
| Increased | glucose-6-phospate | HMDB0001401 | C00668 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | N-acetylglucosamine | HMDB0000215 | C00140 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Mannose | HMDB0000169 | C00159 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Pentose phosphate pathway | Increased | Glucose | HMDB0000122 | C00031 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Increased | Glucose-6-phospate | HMDB0001401 | C00668 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Pyruvate metabolism | Decreased | Formate | HMDB0000142 | C00058 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Fructose and mannose metabolism | Decreased | Mannose | HMDB0000169 | C00159 | Ghartey 2017 | |
| Galactose metabolism | Increased | Glucose-6-phospate | HMDB0001401 | C00668 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Increased | Glucose | HMDB0000122 | C00031 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Mannose | HMDB0000169 | C00159 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Glycerol | HMDB0000131 | C00116 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Myoinositol# | HMDB0000211 | C00137 | Ghartey 2015/Graca 2010 | ||
| Butanoate metabolism | Increased | 2-Hydroksybutyric acid/3-hydroksybutyricacid | HMDB0000008/HMDB0000357 | C00195/C05984 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Decreased | 3-hydroxybutyrate | HMDB0000357 | C01089 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | Decreased | Myoinositol# | HMDB0000211 | C00137 | Ghartey 2015/Graca 2010 | |
| Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | Decreased | Citrate | HMDB0000094 | C00158 | Graca 2010 | |
| Glycolysis or Gluconeogenesis | Increased | Glucose | HMDB0000122 | C00031 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Increased | glucose-6-phospate | HMDB0001401 | C00668 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Starch and sucrose metabolism | Increased | Glucose | HMDB0000122 | C00031 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Increased | Glucose-6-phospate | HMDB0001401 | C00668 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | Decreased | glycolate (hydroxyacetate) | HMDB0000115 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Propanoate metabolism | Increased | 2-Hydroksybutyric acid/3-hydroksybutyricacid | HMDB0000008/HMDB0000357 | C00195/C05984 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Decreased | Valine | HMDB0000883 | C00183 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Decreased | β-Alanine | HMDB0000056 | C00099 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Lipid | Fatty acid biosynthesis | Increased | Oleic acid | HMDB0000207 | C00712 | Lizewska 2018 |
| Fatty acid metabolism | Increased | 10-heptadecenoate (17:1n7) | HMDB0060038 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Increased | 1-palmitylglycerol (1-monopalmitin) | HMDB0031074 | Ghartey 2015 | |||
| Increased | Palmitoleate (16:1n7) | HMDB0003229 | C08362 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Increased | myristic | HMDB0000806 | C06424 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Increased | Palmotoleic acid | HMDB0003229 | C08362 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Increased | Lauric | HMDB0000638 | C02679 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Palmitoylcarnitine | HMDB0000222 | C02990 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Glycerolipid metabolism | Increased | TG (triglyceride) | C02737 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Glycerol | HMDB0000131 | C00116 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Glycerol 3-phosphate | HMDB0000126 | C00093 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | Decreased | Citrate | HMDB0000094 | C00158 | Graca 2010 | |
| Decreased | Formate | HMDB0000142 | C00058 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Inositol phosphate metabolism | Decreased | Myoinositol# | HMDB0000211 | C00137 | Ghartey 2015/Graca 2010 | |
| Steroid hormone biosynthesis | Increased | Progesterone& | HMDB0001830 | C00410 | Menon 2014 | |
| Decreased | Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) | HMDB0001032 | C04555 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Progesterone& | HMDB0001830 | C00410 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Cortisol | HMDB0000063 | C00735 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Decreased | Cortisone/aldosterone/prednisolone | HMDB0002802/HMDB0000037/HMDB0014998 | C00762/C01780/C07369 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Pregnenolone/bolasterone | HMDB0000253/HMDB0006048 | C01953/C14475 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Cortisone | HMDB0002802 | C00762 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Glycerophospholipid metabolism | Increased | Choline | HMDB0000097 | C00114 | Diaz 2011 | |
| Increased | LysoPE (20:5) | HMDB0011519 | C05464 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Increased | PS (O-18:0/0:0) | HMDB0012378 | C04438 | |||
| Decreased | Phosphatidylcholine | C00157 | Baraldi 2016 | |||
| Decreased | Glycerol 3-phosphate | HMDB0000126 | C00093 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Linoleic acid metabolism | Decreased | Linoleic acid (C18:2w6) | HMDB0000673 | C01595 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Primary bile acid biosynthesis | Increased | Glycochenodeoxycholate | HMDB0000637 | C05466 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Increased | Glycocholate | HMDB0000138 | C01921 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Increased | Taurochenodeoxycholate | HMDB0000951 | C05465 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Increased | Taurocholate | HMDB0000036 | C05122 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Increased | Chenodeoxycholate/glycoursodeoxycholate/glycodeoxycholate | HMDB0000518/HMDB0000708/HMDB0000631 | C02528 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies | Increased | 2-Hydroksybutyric acid/3-hydroksybutyricacid | HMDB0000008/HMDB0000357 | C00195/C05984 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Decreased | 3-hydroxybutyrate | HMDB0000357 | C01089 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism | Increased | linolenic acid (C18:3w3) | HMDB0001388 | C06427 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Sphingolipid metabolism | Decreased | C16 sphingosine-1-phosphate | HMDB0000277 | C06124 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Increased | (4E,8E,10E,-d18:3)Sphingosine | C00422 | Lizewska 2018 | |||
| Arachidonic acid metabolism | Increased | Arachidonic acid | HMDB0001043 | C00219 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Amino Acid | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | Decreased | Alanine | HMDB0000161 | C00041 | Graca 2010 |
| Decreased | Glutamine | HMDB0000641 | C00064 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Arginine and proline metabolism | Decreased | Glutamine | HMDB0000641 | C00064 | Ghartey 2017 | |
| Decreased | 4-Guanidinobutanoate | HMDB0003464 | C01035 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Creatinine# | HMDB0000562 | C00791 | Ghartey 2015/Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Trans-4-hydroxyproline | HMDB0000725 | C01157 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | dimethylarginine (SDMA +ADMA) | HMDB0001539/HMDB03334 | C21188/C21189 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Ornithine | HMDB0000214 | C00077 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Cysteine and methionine metabolism | Decreased | Cystine | HMDB0000192 | C00491 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Decreased | Alanine | HMDB0000161 | C00041 | Graca 2010 | ||
| Decreased | Methionine | HMDB0000696 | C00073 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Lysine degradation | Increased | Lysine& | HMDB0000182 | C00047 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Decreased | Lysine& | HMDB0000182 | C00047 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Phenylalanine metabolism | Decreased | Phenylacetylglutamine | HMDB0006344 | C04148 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Decreased | Phenylalanine | HMDB0000159 | C00079 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Decreased | 4-hydroxyphenylacetate | HMDB0000020 | C00642 | Diaz 2013 | ||
| Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis | Decreased | Tryptophan | HMDB0000929 | C00078 | Lizewska 2018 | |
| Decreased | Phenylalanine | HMDB0000159 | C00079 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Tryptophan metabolism | Decreased | Indolelactate | HMDB0000671 | C02043 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Decreased | Valine | HMDB0000883 | C00183 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Tyrosine metabolism | Decreased | 4-hydroxyphenylacetate | HMDB0000020 | C00642 | Diaz 2013 | |
| Decreased | 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate | HMDB0000755 | C03672 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism | Increased | Choline | HMDB0000097 | C00114 | Diaz 2011 | |
| Decreased | Tryptophan | HMDB0000929 | C00078 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Threonine | HMDB0000167 | C00188 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Histidine metabolism | Decreased | 3-methylhi stidine | HMDB0000479 | C01152 | Diaz 2013 | |
| Decreased | Histidine# | HMDB0000177 | C00135 | Graca 2012/Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Lysine biosynthesis | Increased | Lysine& | HMDB0000182 | C00047 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Decreased | Lysine& | HMDB0000182 | C00047 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Decreased | Isoleucine/leucine | HMDB0000172/HMDB0000687 | C00407/C00123 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | Decreased | Threonine | HMDB0000167 | C00188 | Ghartey 2017 | |
| Decreased | Valine | HMDB0000883 | C00183 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | Decreased | Alanine | HMDB0000161 | C00041 | Graca 2010 | |
| Metabolism of other amino acids | beta-Alanine metabolism | Decreased | Histidine# | HMDB0000177 | C00135 | Graca 2012/Lizewska 2018 |
| Decreased | β-Alanine | HMDB0000056 | C00099 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Cyanoamino acid metabolism | Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | |
| D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism | Decreased | Glutamine | HMDB0000641 | C00064 | Ghartey 2017 | |
| D-Arginine and D-ornithine metabolism | Decreased | Ornithine | HMDB0000214 | C00077 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies | Decreased | 5-Oxoproline# | HMDB0000267 | C01879 | Ghartey 2015/Ghartey 2017 | |
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Decreased | Ornithine | HMDB0000214 | C00077 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism | Increased | Taurocholate | HMDB0000036 | C05122 | Menon 2014 | |
| Decreased | Alanine | HMDB0000161 | C00041 | Graca 2010 | ||
| Energy | Methane metabolism | Decreased | Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) | HMDB0000925 | C01104 | Maitre 2014 |
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Decreased | Formate | HMDB0000142 | C00058 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Nitrogen metabolism | Decreased | Formate | HMDB0000142 | C00058 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Decreased | Tryptophan | HMDB0000929 | C00078 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Decreased | Histidine# | HMDB0000177 | C00135 | Lizewska 2018/Graca 2012 | ||
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Decreased | Phenylalanine | HMDB0000159 | C00079 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Decreased | Glutamine | HMDB0000641 | C00064 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Nucleotide | Purine metabolism | Increased | Xanthine | HMDB0000292 | C00385 | Ghartey 2015 |
| Decreased | Glutamine | HMDB0000641 | C00064 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Pyrimidine metabolism | Decreased | Cytosine | HMDB0000630 | C00380 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Decreased | 3-Aminoisobutyrate | HMDB0003911 | C05145 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | β-Alanine | HMDB0000056 | C00099 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Decreased | Glutamine | HMDB0000641 | C00064 | Ghartey 2017 | ||
| Cofactors and Vitamins | Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | Decreased | β-Alanine | HMDB0000056 | C00099 | Ghartey 2017 |
| Decreased | Valine | HMDB0000883 | C00183 | Graca 2012 | ||
| Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism | Decreased | Threonine | HMDB0000167 | C00188 | Ghartey 2017 | |
| Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Decreased | Biliverdin | HMDB0001008 | C00500 | Lizewska 2018 | ||
| Thiamine metabolism | Decreased | Glycine | HMDB0000123 | C00037 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis | Decreased | 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate | HMDB0000755 | C03672 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | Increased | nicotinamide | HMDB0001406 | C00153 | Ghartey 2015 | |
| Increased | N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide | HMDB0004193 | C05842 | Maitre 2014 | ||
| Vitamin B6 metabolism | Decreased | Pyridoxate | HMDB0000017 | C00847 | Ghartey 2017 | |
| Biotin metabolism | Increased | Lysine& | HMDB0000182 | C00047 | Maitre 2014 | |
| Decreased | Lysine& | HMDB0000182 | C00047 | Ghartey 2015 | ||
| Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites | Caffeine metabolism | Increased | Xanthine | HMDB0000292 | C00385 | Ghartey 2015 |
| Decreased | 7-methylxanthine | HMDB0001991 | C16353 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Decreased | 1-methylurate | HMDB0003099 | C16359 | Menon 2014 | ||
| Decreased | theophylline | HMDB0001889 | C07130 | Menon 2014 |
*
Increased/decreased in PTB groups compared to control groups
#
Same direction;
&
Opposite direction