Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jan 15;13(1):1–11. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i1.1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

PMC Copyright notice

Chronic inflammation activates myeloid-derived suppressor cell generation, migration, and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Several cytokines and stimulator factors secreted by stroma and tumor cells (e.g., VEGF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1, IL-6, HIF-1α, TGF-β, COX-2) trigger myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) generation and migration. Cytokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL1) stimulate the migration of MDSCs into the tumor microenvironment. At the tumor site, MDSCs undergo activation (via TNF, IL-10, IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, COX-2, HIF-1α, etc.) and suppress the anti-tumor reactivity of T and natural killer cells. Cross-talk between MDSCs and dendritic cells (DCs) impairs DC function and promotes tumor progression[81]. GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; PMN-MDSC: Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells; M-MDSC: Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; DC: Dendritic cell; ARG-1: Arginase 1; NOS: Nitric oxide; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; NK: Natural killer; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.