Table 3.

Cox regression analyses for PSA testing uptake and opportunistic screening uptake in members of the study cohort for whom data were complete (n = 2 305 998)^a

	PSA testing			Opportunistic PSA screening
Characteristic	Adjusted HRa	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted HR	95% CI	P-value
Age (per 1-year increase)	1.04	1.04 to 1.04	<0.0001	1.04	1.04 to 1.04	<0.0001
Townsend deprivation quintile
1 (most affluent)	1.00			1.00
2	0.95	0.94 to 0.96	<0.0001	0.94	0.94 to 0.95	<0.0001
3	0.88	0.88 to 0.89	<0.0001	0.87	0.86 to 0.88	<0.0001
4	0.82	0.81 to 0.82	<0.0001	0.79	0.78 to 0.80	<0.0001
5 (most deprived)	0.74	0.73 to 0.74	<0.0001	0.70	0.69 to 0.71	<0.0001
Ethnicity
White	1.00			1.00
Indian	1.14	1.12 to 1.17	<0.0001	1.16	1.13 to 1.18	<0.0001
Pakistani	1.20	1.16 to 1.23	<0.0001	1.12	1.08 to 1.17	<0.0001
Bangladeshi	1.17	1.13 to 1.21	<0.0001	0.99	0.94 to 1.05	0.729
Other Asian	1.15	1.12 to 1.19	<0.0001	1.11	1.07 to 1.15	<0.0001
Caribbean	1.60	1.57 to 1.64	<0.0001	1.55	1.51 to 1.60	<0.0001
Black African	1.44	1.40 to 1.48	<0.0001	1.30	1.26 to 1.35	<0.0001
Chinese	0.84	0.79 to 0.86	<0.0001	0.80	0.75 to 0.86	<0.0001
Other	1.33	1.26 to 1.40	<0.0001	1.28	1.24 to 1.32	<0.0001
Not recorded	0.75	0.74 to 0.75	<0.0001	0.76	0.75 to 0.76	<0.0001
Smoking status
Non-smoker	1.00			1.00
Ex-smoker	1.01	1.01 to 1.02	0.003	0.99	0.98 to 0.99	<0.0001
Light smoker	0.87	0.86 to 0.88	<0.0001	0.84	0.83 to 0.85	<0.0001
Moderate smoker	0.81	0.80 to 0.82	<0.0001	0.78	0.77 to 0.79	<0.0001
Heavy smoker	0.80	0.79 to 0.81	<0.0001	0.76	0.75 to 0.77	<0.0001
Family history of prostate cancer
No	1.00			1.00
Yes	3.10	3.00 to 3.19	<0.0001	3.47	3.35 to 3.60	<0.0001
Diabetes status
No diabetes	1.00			1.00
Type 1 diabetes	0.87	0.83 to 0.92	<0.0001	0.47	0.43 to 0.51	<0.0001
Type 2 diabetes	0.98	0.97 to 0.99	<0.0001	0.83	0.82 to 0.84	<0.0001
BMI category
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2)	1.00			1.00
Healthy weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2)	1.09	1.05 to 1.12	<0.0001	1.03	0.99 to 1.06	0.153
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2)	1.15	1.12 to 1.18	<0.0001	1.07	1.01 to 1.11	<0.0001
Obese (3.00–39.9 kg/m2)	1.15	1.12 to 1.19	<0.0001	1.04	1.01 to 1.08	0.019
Severely obese (≥40 kg/m2)	1.12	1.08 to 1.16	<0.0001	0.98	0.93 to 1.02	0.276
Geographical region
East Midlands	1.00			1.00
East of England	1.04	1.02 to 1.05	<0.0001	1.07	1.05 to 1.09	<0.0001
London	1.25	1.23 to 1.27	<0.0001	1.34	1.32 to 1.37	<0.0001
North East	0.85	0.83 to 0.86	<0.0001	0.86	0.84 to 0.87	<0.0001
North West	1.12	1.10 to 1.13	<0.0001	1.12	1.11 to 1.14	<0.0001
South Central	1.14	1.13 to 1.16	<0.0001	1.21	1.19 to 1.23	<0.0001
South East	1.41	1.39 to 1.43	<0.0001	1.46	1.44 to 1.49	<0.0001
South West	1.11	1.07 to 1.10	<0.0001	1.12	1.10 to 1.14	<0.0001
West Midlands	1.15	1.09 to 1.16	<0.0001	1.20	1.18 to 1.22	<0.0001
Yorkshire & Humber	0.91	0.89 to 0.93	<0.0001	0.90	0.88 to 0.91	<0.0001

^aAll significant risk factors identified in univariate analyses were included in a single Cox regression model, which is adjusted for all the other variables presented in the above table. BMI = body mass index. CI = confidence interval. HR = hazards ratio. PSA = prostate-specific antigen.