Table 2.
Characteristics of thirteen critically ill COVID-19 patients who developed hemorrhagic events.
| Parameters | Patients without TEP, n = 3 | Patients with TEP, n = 10 |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55 (53–57) | 56 (54–60) |
| Sex (males/females) | 1/2 | 6/4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m²) | 29 (27–31) | 30 (28–32) |
| Baseline SOFA score | 7 (6–9) | 8 (7–10) |
| Baseline APACHE II score | 20 (19–21) | 21 (19–23) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 3/0 | 8/2 |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes/no) | 1/2 | 5/5 |
| Cardiovascular disease (yes/no) | 1/2 | 5/5 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias (yes/no) | 1/2 | 5/5 |
| Thromboembolic disease (yes/no) | — | 2/8 |
| Chronic respiratory disorder (yes/no) | — | 4/6 |
| End-stage kidney disease (yes/no) | — | 2/8 |
| Hemorrhagic events and management | ||
| Minor hemorrhagic events (no transfusion, n) | 2 | 3 |
| Major hemorrhagic events (transfusion required, n) | — | 7 |
| Anticoagulation interrupted (n) | 3 | 7 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring endoscopy (n) | — | 2 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage (n) | — | 2 |
| Massive transfusion protocol activated (n)∗ | — | 4 |
| Inferior vena cava filter placed (n) | — | 4 |
| Serial ultrasound surveillance for DVT (n) | 3 | 10 |
| Fatalities (n) | — | 2 |
TEP = thromboembolic phenomena; ICU = intensive care unit; APACHE II score = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA score = Sequential Organ Function Assessment score; DVT: deep vein thrombosis. ∗Massive transfusion was defined as replacement of >1 blood volume in 24 hours or >50% of blood volume in 4 hours (adult blood volume is approximately 70 mL/kg).