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Energetics comparison of biological and robotic systems.
| Criteria | Biological systems | Robotic systems (2017) |
|---|---|---|
| Actuator Power Density | 500 W/kg (Muscle) | 200–300 W/kg (BDC+Harmonic Drive) |
| Actuator Energy Efficiency | 20% (Muscle) | 40–50% |
| Computation Power | 20 W (Human Brain) | 60 W (a regular notebook) |
| Power Consumption at Rest | 60–80 W (Basic Metabolism) | 150–400 W |
| Energy Storage | 17 MJ/kg (Carbs) | 0.87 MJ/kg (Li-Ion) |
| Complicated digestion mechanism | Efficient and lightweight power converters |
