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. 2019 Nov 1;6:112. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00112

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Copyright © 2019 Olsen and Kim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustrative cross-section of proposed mechanics model. The symmetry z-axis and xy-plane are highlighted, as well as the actuator length within the active portion of the shell wall, and the radius describing the neutral axis of the beam.