Table 3.
Results for attitudes toward the activity facilitation questionnaire (A), attitudes toward the group activity questionnaire (B), and Godspeed questionnaires (C).
| Statement | Robot | Tablet | Instructor | p* | η2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| (A) Attitudes toward thefacilitation questionnaire | 1. I understood the robot\app\Instructor | 3.62 | 1.15 | 4.14 | 0.91 | 3.71 | 1.01 | 0.010 | 0.163 |
| 2. The facilitation of the r\a\t was of high quality | 3.47 | 1.08 | 3.59 | 0.94 | 3.42 | 0.85 | 0.083 | 0.221 | |
| 3. I trusted the information given by the robot\app\Instr. | 3.71 | 1.06 | 4.18 | 0.87 | 3.93 | 0.87 | 0.023 | 0.145 | |
| 4. I felt comfortable with the robot\app\Instr. presence | 4.09 | 0.83 | 3.97 | 0.72 | 3.78 | 0.81 | 0.586 | 0.040 | |
| 5. I felt comfortable with the behavior of the robot\app\Instr. | 3.79 | 0.98 | 4.00 | 0.89 | 3.93 | 0.99 | 0.767 | 0.013 | |
| 6. The robot\app\Instr. adjusted to the class | 3.62 | 0.89 | 3.69 | 0.96 | 3.40 | 1.13 | 0.204 | 0.062 | |
| 7. I would like more activities with the robot\app\Instr. | 3.32 | 1.30 | 3.42 | 1.09 | 3.29 | 1.19 | 0.475 | 0.028 | |
| 8. The robot\app\Instr. responded to the group | 2.94 | 1.18 | 3.11 | 1.32 | 3.47 | 1.15 | 0.168 | 0.069 | |
| 9. The robot\app\Instr. was friendly | 3.79 | 1.01 | 3.69 | 0.87 | 3.84 | 1.04 | 0.750 | 0.011 | |
| 10. The robot\app\Instr. behaved human-like | 2.71a | 0.87 | 2.37a | 0.81 | 3.84b | 1.18 | 0.000* | 0.544 | |
| 11. I liked the robot\app\Instr. facilitator | 3.26 | 0.83 | 2.83 | 0.92 | 3.27 | 1.10 | 0.08 | 0.045 | |
| 12. The activity with the robot\app\Instr. was pleasant | 3.91 | 0.83 | 3.49 | 0.85 | 3.65 | 0.91 | 0.177 | 0.064 | |
| 13. The activity with the robot\app\Instr. was interesting | 3.94a | 0.92 | 3.03b | 0.98 | 3.23b | 1.11 | 0.001* | 0.226 | |
| Attitudes toward the facilitation scale (items 1–13) | 3.55 | 0.62 | 3.51 | 0.65 | 3.66 | 0.63 | 0.685 | 0.046 | |
| (B) Attitudes toward the group activity questionnaire | 1. The group work contributed to understanding of the content | 3.86 | 1.06 | 3.97 | 0.76 | 4.15 | 0.67 | 0.637 | 0.30 |
| 2. I felt like I expressed myself during the discussions. | 3.86 | 0.73 | 3.88 | 0.68 | 4.20 | 0.52 | 0.752 | 0.013 | |
| 3. All group members equally contributed to the discussion | 3.74 | 1.01 | 3.53 | 0.96 | 3.90 | 1.02 | 0.636 | 0.030 | |
| 4. The work instructions were clear | 3.00 | 1.21 | 3.53 | 1.08 | 3.65 | 0.99 | 0.519 | 0.043 | |
| 5. The contribution of the robot\tablet\Instr. was big | 2.94 | 1.28 | 3.27 | 1.28 | 3.18 | 0.63 | 0.362 | 0.076 | |
| 6. I felt that the group members considered my opinions | 4.17 | 0.75 | 4.12 | 0.48 | 4.35 | 0.62 | 0.597 | 0.034 | |
| 7. The sequence of tasks was logic and clear | 3.60 | 1.09 | 3.91 | 0.93 | 3.85 | 0.93 | 0.712 | 0.022 | |
| 8. One group member managed most of the discussion | 2.14 | 0.77 | 2.12 | 0.77 | 2.10 | 0.91 | 0.609 | 0.032 | |
| 9. I enjoyed working with my group members | 4.29 | 0.57 | 4.03 | 0.83 | 4.40 | 0.60 | 0.554 | 0.039 | |
| 10. The group members felt free to express different opinions | 4.37 | 0.73 | 4.32 | 0.73 | 4.50 | 0.60 | 0.944 | 0.004 | |
| 11. Group activities like this contribute to meaningful learning | 3.77 | 0.94 | 3.65 | 0.84 | 3.89 | 0.74 | 0.552 | 0.042 | |
| 12. Group activities like this are a waste of time | 2.26 | 0.98 | 2.50 | 0.75 | 2.25 | 0.85 | 0.895 | 0.007 | |
| 13. Group activities like this are superior to individual activities | 3.57 | 0.95 | 3.62 | 0.74 | 3.70 | 1.08 | 0.523 | 0.042 | |
| 14. Groups activities contributes more than frontal lectures | 3.51 | 0.82 | 3.67 | 0.96 | 3.70 | 0.92 | 0.139 | 0.123 | |
| Attitude toward the group activity scale (items 1–7 and 9,10) | 3.76 | 0.61 | 3.82 | 0.52 | 4.06 | 0.39 | 0.638 | 0.020 | |
| General attitudes toward group activities scale (items 11–14) | 3.65 | 0.69 | 3.62 | 0.56 | 3.75 | 0.64 | 0.599 | 0.036 | |
| (C) Godspeed questionnaires | Godspeed I: anthropomorphism | 2.51 | 0.66 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Godspeed II: animacy | 2.66 | 0.65 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Godspeed III: likable | 3.64 | 0.73 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Godspeed IV: perceived intelligence | 3.15 | 0.72 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Godspeed V: perceived safety | 4.12 | 0.78 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
*
Bonferroni adjusted alpha value of 0.002 (0.05/14) was used for the single items.
Bold value of p indicates a significant difference (given the Bonferroni correction) between a and b.