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. 2020 Jan 14;6:145. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00145

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Copyright © 2020 Sainsbury, Łącki, Shahait, Goldenberg, Baghdadi, Cavuoto, Ren, Green, Lee, Averch and Rossa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Five types of simulators used to train surgeons: (A) A low-fidelity simulator for knot tying by Eisco labs (Source: https://www.eiscolabs.com/products/premium-practice-suture-kit), (B) Uro-Scopic Trainer™ which is a high fidelity mechanical simulator for practicing urological procedures (Source: http://assets.limbsandthings.com/documents/Urology_REV_2.pdf), (C) an example of PCNL animal lab training, (D) Perc Mentor™ (Source: http://simbionix.com/wp-content/pdf/Brochures/healthcare-uro-brochure-2017.8_en-Web.pdf), and (E) shows VitraMed UroS™ (Source: https://www.virtamed.com/files/6215/5177/8258/VirtaMed_UroS_Factsheet_EN_V180301.pdf) which is a virtual reality simulator for urological procedures.