Table 5.

Analysis of the tool path data gather during the simulation of PCNL kidney access procedure.

Feature	Mean (SD)		p
	Novices (n = 17)	Experts (n = 3)
Cumulative task time (s)	174 (108)	214 (13.9)	0.55
Path length (m)	2.75 (1.35)	2.61 (0.459)	0.87
Mean velocity (mm/s)	0.200 (7.5 × 10-3)	0.15 (4.9 × 10-3)	0.36