Table 10.
Summary of user studies in Medical application areas.
| References | Topic | Data type | Displays used | Dependent measures | Study type | Participants (female) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akinbiyi et al., 2006 | Surgery | O | TV screen | Time, Error/Accuracy, | Formal | 9 (3) |
| Number of broken structure, Applied force | ||||||
| Albrecht et al., 2013 | Medical Education | O + S | HH | Rating, Number of correct answers to exam | Formal | 10 (4) |
| Anderson et al., 2013 | Movement training | O | S/LS | Error/Accuracy | Formal | 8 (2) |
| Archip et al., 2007 | Image-guided surgery | O | DT | Error/Accuracy | Field | 8 (1) |
| Bai et al., 2013b | Autism | O + S | S/LS | Time, Rating, video analysis of type of play | Formal | 12 (2) |
| Bichlmeier et al., 2007 | Image-Guided Surgery | O + S | DT | Time, Error/Accuracy, discussion, qualitative | Formal | 12 (2) |
| Botden et al., 2007 | Surgical Simulation | O + S | DT | Rating, surgical effetiveness measures | Formal | 90 (NA) |
| Botden et al., 2008 | Laparoscopic surgery | S | DT | Rating | Formal | 55 (6) |
| Botella et al., 2005 | Psychology/Phobia | S | HMD | Rating, user behavior | Formal | 1 (1) |
| Botella et al., 2010 | Phobia therapy | O + S | HMD | Rating | Formal | 6 (6) |
| Botella et al., 2011 | Phobia treatment | O | DT | Rating, Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, | Field | 1 (1) |
| Behavioral avoidance test, | ||||||
| Fear of spiders questionnaire, | ||||||
| Spider phobia beliefs questionnaire, | ||||||
| Subjective units of discomfort scale | ||||||
| Bretón-López et al., 2010 | Phobia | S | HMD | Rating | Formal | 6 (6) |
| Brinkman et al., 2012 | Laparosicpic surgical training | O | DT | Time | Formal | 36 (NA) |
| Chintamani et al., 2010 | Teleoperation | O | DT | Time, Error/Accuracy, Path Distance: | Formal | 13.5 (2.5) |
| Deviation From Path: Distance From Receptacle: | ||||||
| Dixon et al., 2011 | Image-guided surgical planning | O + S | Laparascope | Error/Accuracy | Formal | 12 (NA) |
| Espay et al., 2010 | Rehabilitation/training, | O + S | HMD | Rating, gait | Field | 13 (7) |
| Gait assistance for | performance | |||||
| Parkinson's disease | ||||||
| Fichtinger G. et al., 2005 | Medical | O | DT | Error/Accuracy | Pilot | NA (NA) |
| Fichtinger G. D. et al., 2005 | Medical | O | DT | Error/Accuracy | Pilot | NA (NA) |
| Grasso et al., 2013 | Medicine | O | DT | Time, Number of scans, Dose | Field | 3 (NA) |
| Horeman et al., 2012 | Laparoscopic Training | O | DT | Time, Force applied | Pilot | 12 (NA) |
| Horeman et al., 2014 | Surgical Training | O | DT | Time, Error/Accuracy, | Formal | 25 (18) |
| Path length, motion volume | ||||||
| Jeon et al., 2012 | Medical Training | O + S | DT | Time, Similarity score | Formal | 12 (2) |
| Juan and Prez, 2010 | Phobia Treatment | S | HMD | Rating, SUS | Formal | 20 (4) |
| Juan and Joele, 2011 | Phobia | S | HMD | Rating | Formal | 24 (6) |
| King et al., 2010 | Medicine | O + S | DT | Fugl-Meyer Assessment, | Formal | 4 (NA) |
| Wolf Motor Function Test, | ||||||
| DASH questionnaire | ||||||
| Leblanc et al., 2010 | Medical Training | O + S | DT | Rating | Formal | 34 (NA) |
| Lee et al., 2013d | Medical procedure training | O + S | DT | Error/Accuracy, Rating | Formal | 40 (NA) |
| Luo et al., 2005b | Medical AR | O | HMD | Grasping force | Pilot | 1 (0) |
| Luo et al., 2005a | Stroke rehabilitation | O | HMD | Clinical measures related to | Field | 3 (0) |
| hand grasping performance | ||||||
| Markovic et al., 2014 | Artificial Limbs | O | HMD | Time, Error/Accuracy, Rating | Formal | 13 (NA) |
| Nicolau et al., 2005 | Medicine | O | DT | Time, Error/Accuracy | Formal | 2 (NA) |
| Nilsson and Johansson, 2007 | Cognitive System Engineering | S | HMD | Rating | Field | 12 (NA) |
| Regenbrecht et al., 2011 | Stroke recovery and rehabilitation | O + S | DT | Time, Error/ Accuracy | Formal | 64 (10) |
| Regenbrecht et al., 2012 | Medical rehabilitation | S | DT | Rating, Discussion | Formal | 36.2 (5.7) |
| Regenbrecht et al., 2014 | AR for rehabilitation | S | DT | Rating, Interview | Formal | 44 (8) |
| Ritter et al., 2007 | Laparoscopic surgery | O | DT | path length, smoothness | Formal | 60 (NA) |
| Teber et al., 2009 | Laparoscopic Surgery | O | HMD | Time, Error/Accuracy | Field | 1 (NA) |
| Thomas et al., 2010 | Anatomical Education | S | DT | Rating | Formal | 34 (21) |
| Wacker et al., 2006 | Medical AR | O | HMD | Error/Accuracy | Formal | 1 (NA) |
| Wilson et al., 2013 | Medical procedures | O | HMD | Time, Error/Accuracy | Formal | 34 (22) |
| Wrzesien et al., 2013 | Therapy | S | HMD | Standard therapy questionaires | Formal | 22 (NA) |
| Yoo et al., 2013 | Health, Medicine | O | HMD | Rating, Balance (Berg Balance Scale, BBS), | Formal | 21 (21) |
| gait parameters (velocity, cadence, step length, | ||||||
| and stride length), and falls efficacy | ||||||
| Yudkowsky et al., 2013 | Medical Training | O + S | DT | Ability to complete medical task | Formal | 16 (NA) |
S, Subjective; O, Objective; DT, Desktop; HH, handheld. Participant numbers are absolute values and where more than one studies were reported in the paper we used average counts.