Table 6.
Summary of user studies in Education application area.
| References | Topic | Data type | Displays used | Dependent measures | Study type | Participants (female) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson and Bischof, 2014 | Training, Learning | O + S | DT | IMI Score, Isolation, Muscle control | Formal | 12 (6) |
| Arvanitis et al., 2009 | Learning | O + S | HMD | Rating, Physiological measures, sense of welbeing | Formal | 5 (2) |
| Asai et al., 2005 | AR Instructions/Annotations | S | HMD, HH | Rating | Formal | 22 (15) |
| Cai et al., 2013 | Education | O + S | S/LS | Rating, Exam questions correct | Formal | 50 (30) |
| Cai et al., 2014 | Learning and Teaching | O + S | DT | Error/Accuracy, Rating | Formal | 29 (13) |
| Chang et al., 2013 | Training | O + S | S/LS | Error/Accuracy, Rating | Formal | 3 (1) |
| Chiang et al., 2014 | Education | O | HH | Learning outcomes | Field | 57 (NA) |
| Cocciolo and Rabina, 2013 | Learning, Tourism | S | HH | Interview response | Field | 34 (74) |
| Dünser et al., 2012b | Education | O | HH | Error/Accuracy | Pilot | 10 (10) |
| Fonseca et al., 2014b | Education | O + S | HH | Rating, Learning test scores | Formal | 48 (18) |
| Fonseca et al., 2014a | Education | S | HH, DT | Rating | Field | 57 (29) |
| Freitas and Campos, 2008 | Educational AR Game for | O + S | S/LS, DT | Error/Accuracy | Field | 54 (32) |
| 2nd Graders (7-8 years old) | Qualitative Observation | |||||
| Furió et al., 2013 | Education | S | Unspecified | Rating, Multi-choice question responses | Pilot | 117 (74) |
| Gama et al., 2012 | AR for movement training | S | DT | Rating | Pilot | 10 (NA) |
| Hatala and Wakkary, 2005 | Museum guide | O + S | Head-mounted speakers | Rating, Subjective response | Field | 8 (4) |
| Hou and Wang, 2013 | Training | O | DT | Time, Error/Accuracy | Formal | 28 (14) |
| Hsiao, 2010 | Education | O + S | S/LS | Rating | Formal | 673 (338) |
| Hsiao et al., 2012 | E-learning | O + S | S/LS, DT | Error/Accuracy, Rating | Formal | 884 (489) |
| Hunter et al., 2010 | Educational AR | S | Tangible, location-aware | Observation | Field | 9 (NA) |
| S | blocks with a video screen | |||||
| Ibáñez et al., 2014 | Education | O + S | HH | Rating, knowledge learnt | Formal | 60 (15) |
| - pre and post test | ||||||
| Iwata et al., 2011 | Self-learning, Gaming | S | DT | Rating | Formal | 18 (1) |
| Juan et al., 2011b | AR handheld gaming, | S | HH | Rating | Formal | 38 (14) |
| Educational gaming | ||||||
| Juan et al., 2011a | AR educational game | S | DT | Rating, knowledge of animals | Formal | 31 (14) |
| Kurt, 2010 | Learning | S | HH | Rating, field notes, observations | Field | 55 (NA) |
| Li et al., 2011 | AR for education | O + S | HH | Error/Accuracy, Rating | Formal | 36 (20) |
| Liarokapis, 2005 | Music Education | S | HMD, DT | Ease of use/usability | Pilot | 9 (NA) |
| Lin et al., 2013 | Education | O | HH | Correct answers in physics tests | Formal | 40 (25) |
| Luckin and Fraser, 2011 | Learning and Teaching | O + S | DT | Rating, Items remembered, Engagement | Field | 304 (NA) |
| Martin-Gutierrez, 2011 | AR use in the classroom | S | DT | Rating | Formal | 47 (NA) |
| Oh and Byun, 2012 | Interactive learning systems | S | HH | Rating | Pilot | 15 (6) |
| Salvador-Herranz et al., 2013 | Education | S | S/LS | Rating | Pilot | 21 (9) |
| Santos et al., 2013 | AR X-Ray techniques for education | S | HH | Rating | Pilot | 27.3 (15.6) |
| Schwerdtfeger and Klinker, 2008 | AR enabled instructions | O + S | HMD | Time, Error/Accuracy, | Formal | 24 (10) |
| Subjective feedback | ||||||
| Shatte et al., 2014 | Library management | O | HH | Time | Formal | 35 (NA) |
| Sommerauer and Müller, 2014 | Education | O | HH | Error/Accuracy, Rating | Field | 101 (39) |
| Sumadio and Rambli, 2010 | Education | O + S | DT | Rating | Formal | 33 (20) |
| Szymczak et al., 2012 | Multi-sensory AR | S | HH | Rating | Field | 17 (10.5) |
| for historic city sites | ||||||
| Toyama et al., 2013 | Reading Assistance | O | HMD | Error/Accuracy | Pilot | 12 (NA) |
| Weing et al., 2013 | Music Education | S | S/LS | Interview questions | Pilot | 4 (0) |
| Wojciechowski and Cellary, 2013 | Education | S | DT | Rating | Formal | 42 (NA) |
| Yamabe and Nakajima, 2013 | Training | S | S/LS, DT | Rating | Formal | 10 (1.5) |
| Zhang et al., 2014 | Teaching | O + S | HH | Error/Accuracy, flow experience | Field | 147 (54) |
S, Subjective; O, Objective; DT, Desktop; HH, handheld. Participant numbers are absolute values and where more than one studies were reported in the paper we used average counts.