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. 2019 Jul 31;6:65. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00065

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Copyright © 2019 Khalil, Klingner, Hamed, Magdanz, Toubar and Misra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Image sequence of a soft microrobotic sperm demonstrating flagellar propulsion inside a viscous medium with and without spherical particles. The forward swimming speed (v_x) is measured under the influence of actuation frequency of 1 Hz. 2b = 23.1 μm, 2a = 90.5 μm, and L = 260 μm. (a) At φ = 0%, v_x = 103 μm/s. (b) At φ = 3%, v_x = 115.8 μm/s.