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. 2019 Jul 31;6:65. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00065

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Copyright © 2019 Khalil, Klingner, Hamed, Magdanz, Toubar and Misra.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Image sequence of a soft microrobotic sperm demonstrating flagellar propulsion inside a viscous medium with spherical particles at actuation frequencies of 1 and 2 Hz. The forward swimming speed (v_x) is measured at concentration (φ) of 7%. 2b = 23.1 μm, 2a = 90.5 μm, and L = 260 μm. (a) At f = 1 Hz, v_x = 124.1 μm/s. (b) At f = 2 Hz, v_x = 149.8 μm/s.