| Demographic and Social Characteristics, n (%) |
| Age (Years) |
59.2 (17.3) |
59.3 (18.4) |
59.1 (16.2) |
0.65 |
| Race |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| White |
2,950 (61.7) |
1,377 (58.9) |
1,573 (64.3) |
|
| Black |
1,234 (25.8) |
692 (29.6) |
542 (22.2) |
|
| Asian |
224 (4.7) |
92 (3.9) |
132 (5.4) |
|
| Other |
377 (7.9) |
178 (7.6) |
199 (8.1) |
|
| Ethnicity |
1,811 (38.4) |
864 (37.4) |
947 (39.3) |
0.18 |
| Marital Status |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Single |
1,352 (28.3) |
719 (30.7) |
633 (25.9) |
|
| Married / Partner |
2,534 (53.0) |
1,019 (43.6) |
1,515 (61.9) |
|
| Widowed / Separated |
745 (15.6) |
529 (22.6) |
216 (8.8) |
|
| Unknown |
154 (3.2) |
72 (3.1) |
82 (3.4) |
|
| Insurance Type |
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Commercial |
1,604 (33.5) |
730 (31.2) |
874 (35.7) |
|
| Medicaid |
282 (5.9) |
190 (8.1) |
92 (3.8) |
|
| Medicare |
1,833 (38.3) |
938 (40.1) |
895 (36.6) |
|
| Other |
260 (5.4) |
132 (5.6) |
128 (5.2) |
|
| Self-Pay |
806 (16.8) |
349 (14.9) |
457 (18.7) |
|
| Median Zip-based Income |
62,083 (47,303–79,658) |
60,130 (46,801–78,052) |
64,648 (47,817–79,869) |
<0.001 |
| Residence Below Poverty Level (Census Track) |
2,758 (58.1) |
1,383 (59.7) |
1,375 (56.5) |
0.027 |
| Population Density (High vs. Low) |
2,089 (44.0) |
1,026 (44.3) |
1,063 (43.7) |
0.69 |
| Comorbidities / Risk Factors / Pre-existing conditions, n (%) |
| Body Mass Index, mean (SD) |
31.3 (8.2) |
32.2 (8.7) |
30.5 (7.7) |
<0.001 |
| Obesity |
1,736 (36.3) |
900 (38.5) |
836 (34.2) |
0.002 |
| Smoking (Current / Past) |
1,188 (26.7) |
444 (20.2) |
744 (32.9) |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension |
3,268 (68.3) |
1,569 (67.1) |
1,699 (69.5) |
0.077 |
| Hyperlipidemia |
2,189 (45.7) |
1,030 (44.0) |
1,159 (47.4) |
0.020 |
| Asthma |
508 (10.6) |
349 (14.9) |
159 (6.5) |
<0.001 |
| Myocardial Infarction |
844 (17.6) |
367 (15.7) |
477 (19.5) |
<0.001 |
| Congestive Heart Failure |
995 (20.8) |
465 (19.9) |
530 (21.7) |
0.13 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease |
707 (14.8) |
314 (13.4) |
393 (16.1) |
0.010 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease |
748 (15.6) |
367 (15.7) |
381 (15.6) |
0.91 |
| Dementia |
472 (9.9) |
264 (11.3) |
208 (8.5) |
0.001 |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease |
1,085 (22.7) |
616 (26.3) |
469 (19.2) |
<0.001 |
| Rheumatic Disease |
181 (3.8) |
132 (5.6) |
49 (2.0) |
<0.001 |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease |
146 (3.1) |
77 (3.3) |
69 (2.8) |
0.34 |
| Mild Liver Disease |
442 (9.2) |
204 (8.7) |
238 (9.7) |
0.23 |
| Moderate to Severe Liver Disease |
92 (1.9) |
41 (1.8) |
51 (2.1) |
0.40 |
| Diabetes Without Complications |
2,038 (42.6) |
981 (41.9) |
1,057 (43.2) |
0.37 |
| Diabetes With Complications |
867 (18.1) |
400 (17.1) |
467 (19.1) |
0.074 |
| Paraplegia / Hemiplegia |
128 (2.7) |
56 (2.4) |
72 (2.9) |
0.24 |
| Renal Disease |
482 (10.1) |
231 (9.9) |
251 (10.3) |
0.66 |
| Cancer |
421 (8.8) |
185 (7.9) |
236 (9.6) |
0.034 |
| Metastatic Carcinoma |
314 (6.6) |
163 (7.0) |
151 (6.2) |
0.27 |
| AIDS / HIV |
41 (0.9) |
13 (0.6) |
28 (1.1) |
0.027 |
| Stroke (Ischemic / Hemorrhagic) |
515 (10.8) |
256 (10.9) |
259 (10.6) |
0.69 |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment / Dementia |
486 (10.2) |
269 (11.5) |
217 (8.9) |
0.003 |
| Other Neurological Disorders |
419 (8.8) |
231 (9.9) |
188 (7.7) |
0.007 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) |
3 (1–7) |
3 (1–7) |
3 (1–7) |
0.76 |
| Vital Signs |
| Systolic Blood Pressure |
132.7 (19.9) |
132.3 (21.0) |
133.1 (18.8) |
0.19 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure |
72.4 (10.0) |
70.4 (9.6) |
74.2 (10.0) |
<0.001 |
| Respiratory Rate ≥ 24 breaths / min |
961 (21.5) |
409 (18.7) |
552 (24.1) |
<0.001 |
| Temperature ≥ 38 C |
212 (4.7) |
89 (4.1) |
123 (5.4) |
0.041 |
| Laboratory Parameters |
| Oxygen Saturation < 94% |
806 (18.1) |
305 (14.0) |
501 (21.9) |
<0.001 |
| White Blood Cell Count < 4000/microliter |
264 (5.5) |
154 (6.6) |
110 (4.5) |
0.001 |
| Lymphocytes < 20% |
3,254 (68.2) |
1,442 (61.9) |
1,812 (74.3) |
<0.001 |
| Platelet Count 150,000 / microliter |
549 (11.5) |
222 (9.5) |
327 (13.4) |
<0.001 |
| B-natriuretic peptide > 100 pg/ml |
1,176 (34.3) |
576 (35.1) |
600 (33.5) |
0.34 |
| Procalcitonin > 0.25 ng/ml |
848 (47.6) |
331 (43.7) |
517 (50.4) |
0.005 |
| Troponin ≥ 0.06 ng/ml |
922 (33.2) |
403 (32.5) |
519 (33.7) |
0.50 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase > 40 U/l |
2,304 (49.3) |
933 (41.4) |
1,371 (56.6) |
<0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase > 40 U/l |
1,970 (42.3) |
704 (31.3) |
1,266 (52.4) |
<0.001 |
| Total Bilirubin ≥ 1.2 mg / dl |
181 (4.1) |
62 (3.1) |
119 (5.1) |
<0.001 |
| C-Reactive Protein >8.2 ng/ml |
3,855 (94.4) |
1,788 (92.7) |
2,067 (95.9) |
<0.001 |
| Ferritin level > 3000 ng/ml |
233 (5.6) |
82 (4.2) |
151 (7.0) |
<0.001 |
| D-dimer > 0.5 ug/ml |
3,444 (84.8) |
1,629 (84.1) |
1,815 (85.4) |
0.26 |
| Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl |
821 (17.4) |
330 (14.5) |
491 (20.1) |
<0.001 |
| Venous lactate > 2.2 mmol/l |
740 (21.6) |
312 (19.3) |
428 (23.6) |
0.002 |
| Hospital Conditions / Complications |
|
|
|
|
| Pneumonia |
3,884 (81.2) |
1,844 (78.8) |
2,040 (83.4) |
<0.001 |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
444 (9.3) |
184 (7.9) |
260 (10.6) |
<0.001 |
| Bronchitis |
127 (2.7) |
73 (3.1) |
54 (2.2) |
0.049 |
| Lower Respiratory Tract Infection |
99 (2.1) |
61 (2.6) |
38 (1.6) |
0.010 |
| Acute Renal Injury |
1,632 (34.1) |
688 (29.4) |
944 (38.6) |
<0.001 |
| Acute Hepatic Injury |
129 (2.7) |
64 (2.7) |
65 (2.7) |
0.87 |
| Congestive Heart Failure |
895 (18.7) |
423 (18.1) |
472 (19.3) |
0.28 |
| Hypoxic Respiratory Failure |
2,595 (54.2) |
1,202 (51.4) |
1,393 (57.0) |
<0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) |
| Hydroxychloroquine |
374 (7.8) |
180 (7.7) |
194 (7.9) |
0.76 |
| Ribavirin |
104 (2.2) |
46 (2.0) |
58 (2.4) |
0.34 |
| Azithromycin |
721 (15.1) |
348 (14.9) |
373 (15.2) |
0.72 |
| Lopinavir / Ritonavir |
25 (0.5) |
9 (0.4) |
16 (0.7) |
0.20 |
| Remdesivir |
1,048 (21.9) |
424 (18.1) |
624 (25.5) |
<0.001 |
| Tocilizumab |
800 (16.7) |
290 (12.4) |
510 (20.9) |
<0.001 |
| Antithrombotic |
1,651 (34.5) |
752 (32.2) |
899 (36.8) |
<0.001 |
| Anticoagulants |
4,331 (90.5) |
2,072 (88.6) |
2,259 (92.4) |
<0.001 |
| Dexamethasone |
2,370 (49.5) |
1,073 (45.9) |
1,297 (53.0) |
<0.001 |
| Donepezil |
145 (3.0) |
81 (3.5) |
64 (2.6) |
0.088 |
| Rivastigmine |
31 (0.6) |
15 (0.6) |
16 (0.7) |
0.96 |
| Galantamine |
8 (0.2) |
5 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
0.44 |
| Memantine |
111 (2.3) |
64 (2.7) |
47 (1.9) |
0.061 |
| Outcomes |
| ICU Admit |
1,480 (30.9) |
646 (27.6) |
834 (34.1) |
<0.001 |
| In-patient Length of Stay (Days) |
5 (2–9) |
4 (2–8) |
5 (2–9) |
<0.001 |
| Mechanical Ventilation |
809 (16.9) |
344 (14.7) |
465 (19.0) |
<0.001 |
| In-Hospital Mortality |
452 (9.4) |
185 (7.9) |
267 (10.9) |
<0.001 |
