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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2020 Jun 2;117(8):2540–2555. doi: 10.1002/bit.27383

Figure 3. Stimulation of HT-29 and THP-1 monocultures by LPS and live bacteria.

Figure 3.

(A) IL-8 secretion from HT-29 cells was significantly increased by direct contact with Salmonella (**, P < 0.01; n = 3). LPS (10 μg/ml) and VSL#3 caused no significant change in IL-8 secretion. (B) LPS and direct contact with VSL#3 and Salmonella caused IL-8 secretion from THP-1 cells (**, P < 0.01; n = 3). (C) LPS, VSL#3 or Salmonella did not cause any TNF-α secretion from HT-29 cells. (D) LPS and direct contact with VSL#3 and Salmonella caused TNF-α secretion from THP-1 cells (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; n = 3). (E) Direct contact with VSL#3 caused a change in THP-1 cell morphology (arrows). LPS and Salmonella did not change THP-1 morphology. Images were taken 12 hours after adding a stimulant. (F) The number of differentiated THP-1 cells per squared millimeter was significantly higher with VSl#3 compared to controls (**, P < 0.01; n = 3).