Fig. 3. Spatial patterns of temperature tipping points for the biosphere.

(A) Current cumulative monthly dose of temperature above $T_{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{max}}$ by biome (see Materials and Methods) based on 1950–2010 WorldClim data (22). (B) Cumulative temperature dose above $T_{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{max}}$ under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) by 2040–2060 based on WorldClim data (22). (C) Cumulative fraction of terrestrial biosphere in exceedance of $T_{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{max}}$ by RCP scenario based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multimodel mean monthly data. Vertical bars represent an integration of the uncertainty across CMIP5 ensemble member projections for changes in temperature, translated into a range of exceedance of $T_{\mathrm{P}}^{\text{max}}$ for the vegetated surface. (D) Current mean gridded gross photosynthesis (2003–2013) (38) along with reductions in biosphere productivity due to exceedance of T^max for 2040–2060 (44% reduction) and 2070–2090 (49% reduction) based on Worldclim CMIP5 downscaled data (22).