Table 1.
Foods having anti-viral efficacy against different virus strains.
| Name of foods | Major components | Mechanisms of antiviral action | Virus strains | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigella sativa | Thymoquinone | Increased helper-T, and cytotoxic T cells. Decreased viral proteins (integrase, protease) and RNA-polymerase-II to prevent viral replication. |
Avian influenza virus (H9N2), Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Amin et al. (2016); Umar et al.,(2016); Salem and Hossain, 2000; Barakat et al. (2013) |
| Garlic | Allicin, diallyltrisulfide and ajoene, quercetin. | Hinder viral attachment to host cell, alter transcription and translation of viral genome in host cell and also affect viral assembly. | Influenza A (H1N1), Human cytomegalovirus HCMV, Rhinovirus, HIV, and Herpes simplex virus |
Mehrbod et al. (2009) Meng et al. (1993) Tsai et al. (1985) Bayan et al. (2014) |
| Cinnamon | Cinnamaldehyd, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, coumarin and eugenol | Inhibited HIV protease, integrase, reverse transcriptase, sp1-related genes (cell cycle arrest), Inhibited viral replication by preventing the expression of viral polymerase and viral envelope protein neuraminidase. |
HIV-1 and HIV-2, Influenza A, Parainfluenza (Sendai) virus, and HSV-1 virus, Dengue and chikungunya. |
Premanathan et al. (2000) Hayashi et al. (2007); Mishra et al. (2020); Yusufzai et al. (2018). |
| Licorice root | Glycyrrhizin (GL), 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), liquiritigenin (LTG), licochalcone A (LCA), licochalcone E (LCE) and glabridin (GLD) | Affect release step during infecting cell and Inhibit HCV full length viral particles and HCV core gene expression. Reduce adhesion force and stress between CCEC and PMN, Reduce HMGB1 binding to DNA, and inhibit influenza virus polymerase activity. Reduce the levels of viral proteins VP2, VP6 and NSP2 during virus entry. Prevent viral attachment, internalization and stimulate IFN secretion. | SARS-CoV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), Influenza virus, Duck hepatitis virus (DHV), Enterovirus 71 (EV71), Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), Rotavirus, Human respiratory syncytial virus |
Cinatl et al. (2003) Matsumoto et al. (2013) Wang et al. (2009) Zhang et al. (2012) Smirnov et al. (2012) Soufy et al. (2012) Wang et al. (2013) Laconiet al., (2014) Hardy et al. (2012) Yeh et al. (2013) |
| Black pepper | Piperine | Inhibited viral entry by preventing glycoprotein synthesis. | Coxsackie virus type B3 (CVB3), Vesicular stomatitis, Indiana virus (an enteric virus), and Human para influenza virus (a respiratory infection causing virus) | Priya et al. (2017) |
| Moringaoleifera | Alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, niazimin, phenolic compounds and terpenoids | Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase and virion production. Inhibited viral protein synthesis or nuclear transport of viral nucleoprotein (NP). Down regulated pgRNA expression to prevent viral replication. | Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV), Equine herpes virus, Rhinovirus (+sense ss RNA virus), and Influenza virus H9, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus, HIV/AIDS |
Younus et al. (2015) Ashraf et al. (2017) Murakami et al. (1998) Lipipun et al. (2003) Waiyaput et al. (2012) Chollom et al. (2012) Ahmad et al. (2014) Burger et al. (2002) Biswas et al. (2020) |
| Mushroom | Polysaccarides, terpenoids, proteins, Lentinan, |
Inhibited HIV-1 protease, Inhibition of binding of HIV-1 gp120 to immobilized CD4 receptor and of reverse transcriptase activity of viruses. | Influenza A virus (H3N2), Pox and HIV virus, Cytomegalovirus |
Teplyakova et al. (2012) Stamets (2005) Tochikura et al. (1987) |
| Yogurt | Probiotics | Hinders the adsorption, cell internalization of the virus. Promotes the production of metabolites and substances to show direct antiviral effect, and crosstalk(immunomodulation) with the cells in establishing the antiviral protection. | RNA viruses (CA16, CB3, CB4),Influenza virus | Choi et al. (2009) |
| Honey | Sucrose, fructose, proline, gluconic acid methylglyoxal |
Employ RNA-interference, Increased pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered signal transduction cascades, and reactive oxygen species generation. | Sucrose, fructose, proline, gluconic acid methylglyoxal |
Shahzad et al. (2012) Zareie (2011) Watanabe et al. (2014) |
| Spirulina | Phycocyaninphycocyanobilinallo calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) Cyanovirin-N (CV–N), sulpholipid |
Inhibit the replication of enveloped viruses, Interfere at the initial stage of viral cycle to the host cells, Interfere the reverse transcription of HIV-RNA. |
HIV–I, Mumps, and Measles virus, Herpes simplex virus type-I, Human cytomegalovirus, Influenza virus, andEntero virus 71 |
Hayashi et al. (1996) Rechter et al. (2006) Shih et al. (2003) |