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. 2021 Jan 1;11(6):2845–2859. doi: 10.7150/thno.51857

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Smad3 deficiency upregulates beta cell signature genes in diabetic islets. (A) Enrichment of active transcription start sites at the Smad3 genomic sequence in islet of type 2 diabetes patients analysed with online platform of Lawlor et al. (https://shinyapps.jax.org/endoc-islet-multi-omics/). (B-D) High throughput RNA sequencing elucidated the underlying mechanism of Smad3 in diabetic islet development. A distant transcriptome profile of Smad3-WT db/db islets compared to other 4 groups showing by (B) heatmap, where (C) Smad3-WT and Smad3-KO dependent DEGs were identified with (D) a markedly down-regulation of DEGs in Smad3-WT group was observed. (E) KEGG analysis showing Smad3-KO dependent up-regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in type 2 diabetes and insulin related pathways (red highlighted) by gene ontology analysis.