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. 2021 Jan 13;12:361. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20582-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, b PL evolution of the precursor films kept in the glovebox atmosphere (a) and DMF atmosphere (b) with time. c the evolution of emission linewidth and the proportion of P2 (A_P2) to the respective total area of the emission band (A) in VAC-treated films with time. d Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism for halide redistribution. Here, the purple Pb(Br/Cl)₆⁴⁻ octahedra represent chloride-rich phases in respect to that with stoichiometric bromide/chloride distribution (blue octahedra). The khaki represents the liquid phase within the films and the blue arrows represent ion exchange process. The excessive ions within the dried films are not illustrated for clarity. e, f The evolution of CIE coordinates upon bias (e) and peak EQEs of the devices with varying duration of VAC-treatment (0, 1, 2, 5, 20 min). f The error bars present the standard deviation extracted from 4 to 6 devices.